ART FINAL OUT LINE WITH QUOTES

Eliabeth Joy Peyton
Elizabeth Peyton Biography. Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2007. Web. Feb 2011. < http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2007-Li-Pr/Peyton-Elizabeth.html>
1965: born in Danbury, Connecticut
Peyton, Elizabeth. Live Forever: Elizabeth Peyton. New Museum. Bowery New York, New York. October 2008- January 2009. Web. February 2011. http://www.newmuseum.org/elizabethpeyton/timeline.html
She was born with only two fingers on her right hand, and so she learned to draw with her left hand
Elizabeth Peyton Biography. Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2007. Web. Feb 2011. < http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2007-Li-Pr/Peyton-Elizabeth.html>
1987: graduates from School of Visual Arts in New York; studied Douglas Blau, Mary Heilmann, Craig Owens, May Stevens, and Jack Whitten.
Peyton, Elizabeth. Live Forever: Elizabeth Peyton. New Museum. Bowery New York, New York. October 2008- January 2009. Web. February 2011.
1987: first solo show in Althea viafora New York at a gallery located on lower Broadway which failed
Peyton, Elizabeth. Live Forever: Elizabeth Peyton. New Museum. Bowery New York, New York. October 2008- January 2009. Web. February 2011.
1987-90: assistant to artist Ronald Jones
1990-1993 researcher for PhotoReporters
1993: solo show at Chelsea Hotel; November 14–28, 1993. Courtesy the artist and Gavin Brown’s enterprise: fifteen drawings and two paintings
signed with dealer Gavin Brown; included in 3-person show “Projects 60” at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1997: King Ludwig II, Marie Antoinette, Oscar Wilde, Black-and-white drawings of Napoleon.
1994: first gallery exhibition at Gavin Brown’s enterprise, a gallery opened by artist-turned-art-dealer Gavin Brown in 1994 at 558 Broome Street, just west of SoHo in Manhattan. The exhibition consists of seven paintings of the late musician Kurt Cobain along with portraits of Jean-Pierre Léaud in the role of Antoine Doinel. The exhibition was enthusiastically reviewed by Roberta Smith in the New York Times on Friday, March 24, 1995 (“Blood and Punk Royalty to Grunge Royalty”).
Saltz, Jerry. Elizabeth Peyton, Apr. 19-May 17, 2008, at Gavin Brown’s Enterprise, 620 Greenwich Street, New York, N.Y. 10014.
1995: Soho gallery called Gavin Brown’s Enterprise of iconic singers such as Kurt Cobain, Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones, Sex Pistols Sid vicious and Johnny Rotten.
1997: Museum of Modern Art group show Projects 60 that featured her work with Currin and Luc Tuymans was reviewed in New Yorker and New York Times; organized by Laura Hoptman at the Museum of Modern Art.
1998: Synergy Press in Tokyo publishes Elizabeth Peyton: Live Forever, with essays by David Rimanelli and Meicost Ettal; numerous paintings and works on paper made in 1997 and 1998 of Leonardo DiCaprio, Lord Alfred Douglas, Prince Harry, and David Hockney, among others.
1998–1999: Peyton makes work at Derniere L’Etoile, a well-known print studio in New York. Prints made during this time include Silver Bosie (1998) as well as a portfolio for the Public Art Fund
July 24–September 19, 1999: Peyton’s work is included in “Examining Pictures,” a group exhibition curated by Franceso Bonami and Judith Nesbitt. The show opens at the Whitechapel Art Gallery, London, and travels to the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago and the UCLA Hammer Museum, Los Angeles.
Elizabeth Peyton, David Hockney, Powis Terrace Bedroom, 1998. Oil on board, 9 ¾ x 7 in (24.8 x 17.8 cm). Courtesy the artist and Gavin Brown’s enterprise
September 28, 2001–January 13, 2002: Zdenek Felix organizes a solo exhibition of Peyton’s paintings and works on paper at the Deichtorhallen in Hamburg, Germany. This is the first major survey of the artist’s work.
Elizabeth Peyton, Flower Ben, 2002. Oil on board, 10 x 8 1/4 in (25.4 x 21 cm). Courtesy the artist and Gavin Brown’s enterprise
2002: Alison Gingeras of the Musée national d’art moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou organizes “Cher Peintre, Lieber Maler, Dear Painter,” a group exhibition of figurative art. Peyton’s work is included along with that of John Currin, Brian Calvin, Francis Picabia, and Bernard Buffet among others. The exhibition travels to the Schirn Kunsthalle, Frankfurt and the Kunsthalle Wien, Vienna.
October 17, 2002–January 6, 2003: Thirty of Peyton’s works on paper, including drawings and watercolors, are included in the Museum of Modern Art’s survey of contemporary drawings “Drawing Now: Eight Propositions,” curated by Laura Hoptman. The exhibition includes work by more than twenty artists working figuratively, including Laura Owens, Chris Ofili, Neo Rauch, Kara Walker, Shazia Sikander, and Barry McGee.
Elizabeth Peyton, Live to Ride (E.P.), 2003. Oil on board, 15 x 12 in (38.1 x 30.5 cm). Courtesy the artist and Gavin Brown’s enterprise
2003: first self-portrait was included in American Vogue article about contemporary painters
2004: invited to show at Whitney Biennial, New York City
February 28-May 8, 2004: Peyton's work is included in “Likeness: Portraits of Artists By Other Artists,” curated by Matthew Higgs for the CCA Wattis Institute in San Francisco. The exhibition travels to the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston; Dalhouise University Art Gallery, Halifax, Nova Scotia; University Art Museum, California State University at Long Beach; Illingworth Kerr Gallery, Alberta College of Art & Design; and the Contemporary Art Center of Virginia, Virginia Beach.
March 11–May 30, 2004: Peyton’s work is included in the 2004 Whitney Biennial, organized by Chrissie Isles and Philippe Vergne.
Elizabeth Peyton, Ken and Nick (Ken Okiishi and Nick Mauss), 2005. Oil on board, 11 x 9 in (27.9 x 22.9 cm). Courtesy the artist and Gavin Brown’s enterprise
2005: A major monograph on Peyton’s work is published by Rizzoli. The book includes reprinted essays, articles, and interviews by Meicost Ettal, Dave Hickey, Matthew Higgs, Steve Lafreniere, Linda Pilgrim, Jerry Saltz, Roberta Smith, and Giorgio Verzotti.
Elizabeth Peyton, Kiss (Tony), 2000. Lithograph, 24 x 19 in (61 x 48.3 cm). Courtesy the artist and Gavin Brown’s enterprise
August 12–October 22, 2006: A solo exhibition of Peyton’s prints is organized by Guild Hall in East Hampton, NY. view of Elizabeth Peyton’s exhibition “The Painting of Modern Life” at the Hayward Gallery, London, October 4–December 30, 2007. Photo: Marcus J. Leith. Courtesy the Hayward Gallery
2005: portrait of John Lennon for $800,000 at auction
2006: New York magazine named her one of the 100 Most Influential New Yorkers
October 4–December 30, 2007: Peyton’s work included in “The Painting of Modern Life: 1960s to Now,” an exhibition of photo-based painting at the Hayward Gallery, London, organized by Ralph Rugoff
Elizabeth Peyton, Piotr on Couch, 1996. Oil on board, 9 x 12 in (23 x 30.5 cm). Courtesy the artist and Gavin Brown’s enterprise

Portrait:
It's not Elizabeth Peyton's fault that her lovely, jewel-like portraits of pretty, wan young men generated so much hype in the late 1990's. And if she continues to make the same kind of mannered pictures, with viscous, candy-colored glazes punctuated by deftly flicked-in red lips, dark eyes and tattoos, she won't deserve the retributive scorn that some would heap on her now. Ken, Johnson. Art in Review; Elizabeth Peyton. The New York Times: Arts. 23 November 2001.
Elizabeth Peyton's work is a parade of wan boys, doomed youth and dead artists. Strung-out and damaged, they live on cigarettes, lipstick and fame. Her paintings have their own air of sickliness, however bright the colour; Searle, Adrian. Elizabeth Peyton. The Guardian: Culture; art and design; art. Whitechapel, London. 8 July 2009.

Style: “the distilled allure of her little pictures makes them, for me, the moral center of the Biennial. Her romantic aestheticism charges her swift line an dintense color with a sense of the sacred.” Peter Schjeldahl from the reviewing the art-word event for the New Yorker. Elizabeth Peyton Biography. Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2007. Web. Feb 2011. < http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2007-Li-Pr/Peyton-Elizabeth.html>
It helps that her light style and appealing color range does not claim more than its due, and it helps, too, that she is sharing her love. John Haber. The American Royals. New York City. Web. February 2011. http://www.haberarts.com/peyton.htm

Size:
with small or tiny images that sit almost skittishly on the walls. Smith, Roberta. The Personal and the Painterly. The New York Times: Art and Design. New York, New York. October 10, 2008. page C29.
Dwarfed by the museum’s towering walls, Peyton’s already small works blend together, one almost indistinguishable from another. Onli, Meg. Art Fag City on Live Forever: Elizabeth Peyton. Bad At Sports: Contemporary Art Talk. 22 October 2008. Web. February 2011. http://badatsports.com/2008/art-fag-city-on-live-forever-elizabeth-peyton/

Colors:
“Yet Peyton’s lavender, lilac and crimson love letters to the age of innocence are finally reflecting the age of experience. Her deft brushwork and starry-eyed doting are still in evidence, but her color has darkened and her gaze is less moony. Several of her subjects look world-weary, like they’re living life, not just being fabulous.” JERRY SALTZ is senior art critic for New York Magazine, where this article first appeared. He can be reached at jerry_saltz@newyorkmag.com
“Her new candy-colored work titillated the eye while commenting on the photorealism” JERRY SALTZ is senior art critic for New York Magazine, where this article first appeared. He can be reached at jerry_saltz@newyorkmag.com
“The best collapse the distances between realist painting, modernist abstraction, personal snapshot and magazine, and are accessible, devotional and visually alive. Their gem-rich colors are applied with brazen abandon, like miniature action paintings.” Smith, Roberta. The Personal and the Painterly. The New York Times: Art and Design. New York, New York. October 10, 2008. page C29.
Her colors never take on an acid edge, whether the deep blue of a man's shirt to amber shadows across a cheek. Even the sloppy drawing works in her favor. As in caricatures or paparazzi photos, the subject can seem to take shape before one's privileged eyes. The whole scene, she seems to say, arose yesterday, and in a sense it did. John Haber. The American Royals. New York City. Web. February 2011. http://www.haberarts.com/peyton.htm

Patterns:
A brilliant colorist with a razor-sharp graphic sense, her paintings are enormously seductive in form and content, celebrating the aesthetics of youth, fame, and creative genius. Live Forever: Elizabeth Peyton. New Museum: Exhibitions. 8 October 2009. Web. February 2011. http://www.newmuseum.org/exhibitions/400
She does not force one to choose between seeing a portrait as pornography or satire. John Haber. The American Royals. New York City. Web. February 2011. http://www.haberarts.com/peyton.htm

Subjects:
Cobain's eyes make direct contact with the viewer, seducing us with his innocence. Unlike the nihilistic, grungy demeanor he often displayed, Peyton here portrayed him as compassionate but distant. The work resists feelings of irony -- her craft is genuine Elizabeth Peyton (b. 1965). Christie’s. Lot 5: Sale 1997. Web. February 2011.
She is painting and drawing more from life. In one picture, of Matthew Barney, he’s sitting slightly hunched. He isn’t just some lambkin; there are circles under his eyes, he stares into the distance and into himself, posing in such a way to accept and reject our gaze. It’s a performance, a surrender, and a protective defense. JERRY SALTZ is senior art critic for New York Magazine, where this article first appeared. He can be reached at jerry_saltz@newyorkmag.com
The same features still define them as royalty as well. They are still young, slim, and androgynous. They still look familiar, and they still look ever so slightly away. Even men have deep red lips, as if posed for a fashion shoot. They end up very almost indistinguishable. Barney's rounder face and beard stubble seem almost an aberration. John Haber. The American Royals. New York City. Web. February 2011. http://www.haberarts.com/peyton.htm


Sketches:
Yet it stuck to an unfashionable style, an old-fashioned medium, and historical subjects to match. She was sketching royalty and their retainers from the past. John Haber. The American Royals. New York City. Web. February 2011. http://www.haberarts.com/peyton.htm

Photographs:
More often than not, she still works from clippings and other photographs, too, rather than from life. Even when she paints those close to her, she may paint them as children, such as Rirkrit at age three. John Haber. The American Royals. New York City. Web. February 2011. http://www.haberarts.com/peyton.htm

Famous: “although painterly in a traditional sense her work is reminiscent of those 1960s fan magazine cometitions: young women around the world sending in their drawings of Paul McCartney, Mick Jagger, John Lennon- the votive, often overlooked feminine response to pop.” Savage states in his Guardian article. Elizabeth Peyton Biography. Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2007. Web. Feb 2011. < http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2007-Li-Pr/Peyton-Elizabeth.html>
“Most are portraits and occasionally self-portraits painted from photographs or from life; a few are interiors or still lifes; one is a stunning Greenwich Village street scene.” Smith, Roberta. The Personal and the Painterly. The New York Times: Art and Design. New York, New York. October 10, 2008. page C29.
Ever seen Elizabeth Peyton and Sasha Baron Cohen in the same room together? Street, Ben. Letter from London: Peyton for Godot. 20 July 2009. Art: 21. Web. February 2011. http://blog.art21.org/2009/07/20/letter-from-london-peyton-for-godot/
Her works trace icons of contemporary culture from music to design, from contemporary friends to passed historical figures. Falutoiu, Claudia. Elizabeth Peyton: Re-mastering the sketch. 9 February 2010. Crossroads magazine.
suited to a more contemporary kind of royalty. They open their intimate surroundings but never, ever invite eye contact. One feels as at home with them as with the heroes of a young adult novel or a New Yorker cartoon, but one recognizes them as stars. John Haber. The American Royals. New York City. Web. February 2011. http://www.haberarts.com/peyton.htm
She took up bright color, in oil on board. She took up musicians, most strikingly in a series on Kurt Cobain well before Slater Bradley took Cobain as his video doppelgänger. She painted things she loved, whether the stage at Roseland or a street scene. John Haber. The American Royals. New York City. Web. February 2011. http://www.haberarts.com/peyton.htm
She still admires royalty, only now a very American royalty. John Haber. The American Royals. New York City. Web. February 2011. http://www.haberarts.com/peyton.htm
There are lots of people I'm too out of the loop to recognise, or maybe it's how she paints them. If Peyton did paint the unfashionable, it makes you wonder whether anyone would really care about her work. Searle, Adrian. Elizabeth Peyton. The Guardian: Culture; art and design; art. Whitechapel, London. 8 July 2009.


Family/friends:
You could say that Ms. Peyton paints two tribes: the one formed by the people she cares about and lives among, and the one that fills her imagination. Smith, Roberta. The Personal and the Painterly. The New York Times: Art and Design. New York, New York. October 10, 2008. page C29.
Elizabeth Peyton and her bohemian flock of friends, artists, rock stars and other renowned personages living and dead have alighted at the New Museum. Smith, Roberta. The Personal and the Painterly. The New York Times: Art and Design. New York, New York. October 10, 2008. page C29.
Personal perspective of work
Peyton said her subjects evoked a feeling like "I love you; I think you’re the best thing I’ve ever seen." JERRY SALTZ is senior art critic for New York Magazine, where this article first appeared. He can be reached at jerry_saltz@newyorkmag.com

Title:
Something else, too, defines this as royalty—its exclusiveness. She titles her work with first names, like another realist out of his time, Chuck Close. However, Close means one not to know more, in order to underscore the impersonal artistry behind a subject's charisma. If his image of Philip Glass has nonetheless become iconic, it pays tribute to them both. For Peyton, as with admission to the Chelsea Hotel or with celebrity artists today, knowing matters. Like her legion of fans, I found the guessing game good for my ego. John Haber. The American Royals. New York City. Web. February 2011. http://www.haberarts.com/peyton.htm
Given that there’s not much subject matter to discuss in Peyton’s work, beyond paint and the tradition of portraiture, perhaps it was felt that wall text (which hardly appears) wouldn’t add to the understanding of the show. Onli, Meg. Art Fag City on Live Forever: Elizabeth Peyton. Bad At Sports: Contemporary Art Talk. 22 October 2008. Web. February 2011. http://badatsports.com/2008/art-fag-city-on-live-forever-elizabeth-peyton/

Surfaces:
She still works hastily, with a weightlessness somewhere between a promising student's art and magazine illustration. John Haber. The American Royals. New York City. Web. February 2011. http://www.haberarts.com/peyton.htm
she trusts only in surfaces, and her trust never extends to the varied, tactile, and sensual nature of surfaces—or to the puzzle of what they withhold. While Andy Warhol supplies another starting point, she does not share the pathos of Warhol's obsession with surface. She does not multiply an image, obliterate it, or choose it for its associations with violence and death. His Jackie reflects back to the viewer her appeal and her loss. Hers will always have her youth and glamour, and John F. Kennedy, Jr., will never age or die. John Haber. The American Royals. New York City. Web. February 2011. http://www.haberarts.com/peyton.htm

Background:
Ms. Peyton is enthralled by the abstract power of paint as paint. Her broad brushstrokes and their sudden shifts function independently of her subjects. “Dallas, TX (January 1978)” shows a blond young man, John Lydon of the Sex Pistols, against a pale-orange background made luminous by the white gesso behind it and measured off by the repeating lines of the palette knife with which it was applied. His red-orange shirt is a lively tussle of brushstrokes. “Tokyo (Craig),” a nearly all-purple image that shows a figure in a darkened room, is but one example of Ms. Peyton’s extension of the modernist monochrome into everyday life.” Smith, Roberta. The Personal and the Painterly. The New York Times: Art and Design. New York, New York. October 10, 2008. page C29.
Sometimes the result helps to develop a state of mind, as in the work entitled “Tokyo” where the purple colour invades the frame and sends a message to the viewer, a message of rebellion against the overcrowding of the walls. Falutoiu, Claudia. Elizabeth Peyton: Re-mastering the sketch. 9 February 2010. Crossroads magazine.

Reasoning:
Furthermore, by placing portraits of Balzac or Napoleon next to these rock stars, and making them share the same walls, Peyton and the curatorial concept behind the exhibition offer a new perception in the appreciation of symbols nowadays. Differences between styles, status and even generations have faded.
All of the portrayed subjects are young. Kings, queens, media figures are all depicted as young, beautiful and colourful. Peyton sketches them with androgynous features, characteristic of current generations, This however also gives a sense of superficiality to her works, the majority of which are roughly traced and seem unfinished. Falutoiu, Claudia. Elizabeth Peyton: Re-mastering the sketch. 9 February 2010. Crossroads magazine.

Obama:
''Michelle and Sasha Obama Listening to Barack Obama at the Democratic National Convention August 2008,'' is an oil painting that depicts Mrs. Obama in the audience at her husband's convention speech as the couple's younger daughter, Sasha, rests her head in her mother's lap. The painting joins the New Museum's exhibition ''Live Forever: Elizabeth Peyton,'' Itzikoff, Dave. ARTS, BRIEFLY; Michelle Obama Portrait at the New Museum. The New York Times. 6 November 2008.


Positive perspective of work
They are also testaments to Peyton's deeper passion for beauty in all its forms - from the elevated to the everyday. Ultimately, Peyton's paintings are evidence of a dedication to the creation of a new kind of popular art. Steeped in history, her work aspires to bridge the gap between art and life. Live Forever: Elizabeth Peyton. New Museum: Exhibitions. 8 October 2009. Web. February 2011.
A painter of modern life, Peyton's small, jewel-like portraits are also intensely empathetic, intimate, and even personal. Together, her works capture an artistic zeitgeist that reflects the cultural climate of the late-twentieth and early-twenty-first centuries” Live Forever: Elizabeth Peyton. New Museum: Exhibitions. 8 October 2009. Web. February 2011.

Negative perspective of work
There were startling moments -- in her 1999 depiction of the German rocker Jochen Distelmeyer, his baby blues can melt you -- but her Prince Charmings seemed lost in time, unthreatening, more elves
Her work looks as if it yearns for the Cafe Royal, nights with Oscar Wilde and Max Beerbohm, for bon mots and morphine, but has had to settle for stars so hip it hurts, so cool it sometimes kills them. Searle, Adrian. Elizabeth Peyton. The Guardian: Culture; art and design; art. Whitechapel, London. 8 July 2009.
That its intimate scale and willful prettification of some of the nineties’ butt-ugliest pop stars brings together teenage fandom and the tradition of 18th-century portraiture? That its objectification of sallow Caucasian male beauty strikes a blow for the female gaze? That the breathless swishiness of her paintbrush and contre-jour light effects create poignant elegies to the transience of youth? Street, Ben. Letter from London: Peyton for Godot. 20 July 2009. Art: 21. Web. February 2011. http://blog.art21.org/2009/07/20/letter-from-london-peyton-for-godot

Personal perspective of artwork:
there weren’t pictures in the world of people who did things like that - pictures which were going to last. Things in museums last longer than pictures in magazines. Falutoiu, Claudia. Elizabeth Peyton: Re-mastering the sketch. 9 February 2010. Crossroads magazine.
It was something I wanted to know existed-that people could be -heroic or could come from anywhere and make great things out of themselves. That's what I was -interested in. Cooker, Jarvis. Eliabeth Peyton. Interview. Web. February 2011. http://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/elizabeth-peyton/
making art is making something live forever. Humanbeings especially-we can't hold on to them in any way. Cooker, Jarvis. Eliabeth Peyton. Interview. Web. February 2011.
It wasn't like I felt oppressed by them-more like certain people in the world were doing something very important. I wanted to highlight that. I felt like there weren't pictures in the world of people who did things like that-pictures which were going to last. Things in museums last longer than pictures in magazines. Cooker, Jarvis. Eliabeth Peyton. Interview. Web. February 2011. http://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/elizabeth-peyton/
Showbiz is about showing human things-just amplified, that's all. Cooker, Jarvis. Eliabeth Peyton. Interview. Web. February 2011. http://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/elizabeth-peyton/
I think little things are more powerful -because they're more honest, so people feel them more strongly. Cooker, Jarvis. Eliabeth Peyton. Interview. Web. February 2011. http://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/elizabeth-peyton/
Shakespeare wrote to this young man and said that all the wars in the world can happen, everything can change, but I'm going to make art inspired by you, and you'll live forever. That's a beautiful idea
And people change every second. It's not even about leaving you or dying or anything like that - people just change. Sharpiro, David. Elizabeth Peyton. Interview. Web. February 2011. http://www.theblowup.com/archived/elizabethpeyton/page1.html

Influence:
Traditional figurative painting and drawing finds uneasy acceptance in the contemporary art world, and her frequent depiction of superstars only confuses the matter. Onli, Meg. Art Fag City on Live Forever: Elizabeth Peyton. Bad At Sports: Contemporary Art Talk. 22 October 2008. Web. February 2011. http://badatsports.com/2008/art-fag-city-on-live-forever-elizabeth-peyton/

ART FINAL OUTLIne

Personal time line
Eliabeth Joy Peyton
Elizabeth Peyton Biography. Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2007. Web. Feb 2011. < http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2007-Li-Pr/Peyton-Elizabeth.html>
1965: born in Danbury, Connecticut
Peyton, Elizabeth. Live Forever: Elizabeth Peyton. New Museum. Bowery New York, New York. October 2008- January 2009. Web. February 2011. http://www.newmuseum.org/elizabethpeyton/timeline.html
She was born with only two fingers on her right hand, and so she learned to draw with her left hand
Elizabeth Peyton Biography. Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2007. Web. Feb 2011. < http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2007-Li-Pr/Peyton-Elizabeth.html>
1987: graduates from School of Visual Arts in New York; studied Douglas Blau, Mary Heilmann, Craig Owens, May Stevens, and Jack Whitten.
Peyton, Elizabeth. Live Forever: Elizabeth Peyton. New Museum. Bowery New York, New York. October 2008- January 2009. Web. February 2011.
1987: first solo show in Althea viafora New York at a gallery located on lower Broadway which failed
Peyton, Elizabeth. Live Forever: Elizabeth Peyton. New Museum. Bowery New York, New York. October 2008- January 2009. Web. February 2011.
1987-90: assistant to artist Ronald Jones
1990-1993 researcher for PhotoReporters
1993: solo show at Chelsea Hotel; November 14–28, 1993. Courtesy the artist and Gavin Brown’s enterprise: fifteen drawings and two paintings
signed with dealer Gavin Brown; included in 3-person show “Projects 60” at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1997: King Ludwig II, Marie Antoinette, Oscar Wilde, Black-and-white drawings of Napoleon.
1994: first gallery exhibition at Gavin Brown’s enterprise, a gallery opened by artist-turned-art-dealer Gavin Brown in 1994 at 558 Broome Street, just west of SoHo in Manhattan. The exhibition consists of seven paintings of the late musician Kurt Cobain along with portraits of Jean-Pierre Léaud in the role of Antoine Doinel. The exhibition was enthusiastically reviewed by Roberta Smith in the New York Times on Friday, March 24, 1995 (“Blood and Punk Royalty to Grunge Royalty”).
Saltz, Jerry. Elizabeth Peyton, Apr. 19-May 17, 2008, at Gavin Brown’s Enterprise, 620 Greenwich Street, New York, N.Y. 10014.
1995: Soho gallery called Gavin Brown’s Enterprise of iconic singers such as Kurt Cobain, Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones, Sex Pistols Sid vicious and Johnny Rotten.
1997: Museum of Modern Art group show Projects 60 that featured her work with Currin and Luc Tuymans was reviewed in New Yorker and New York Times; organized by Laura Hoptman at the Museum of Modern Art.
1998: Synergy Press in Tokyo publishes Elizabeth Peyton: Live Forever, with essays by David Rimanelli and Meicost Ettal; numerous paintings and works on paper made in 1997 and 1998 of Leonardo DiCaprio, Lord Alfred Douglas, Prince Harry, and David Hockney, among others.
1998–1999: Peyton makes work at Derniere L’Etoile, a well-known print studio in New York. Prints made during this time include Silver Bosie (1998) as well as a portfolio for the Public Art Fund
July 24–September 19, 1999: Peyton’s work is included in “Examining Pictures,” a group exhibition curated by Franceso Bonami and Judith Nesbitt. The show opens at the Whitechapel Art Gallery, London, and travels to the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago and the UCLA Hammer Museum, Los Angeles.
Elizabeth Peyton, David Hockney, Powis Terrace Bedroom, 1998. Oil on board, 9 ¾ x 7 in (24.8 x 17.8 cm). Courtesy the artist and Gavin Brown’s enterprise
September 28, 2001–January 13, 2002: Zdenek Felix organizes a solo exhibition of Peyton’s paintings and works on paper at the Deichtorhallen in Hamburg, Germany. This is the first major survey of the artist’s work.
Elizabeth Peyton, Flower Ben, 2002. Oil on board, 10 x 8 1/4 in (25.4 x 21 cm). Courtesy the artist and Gavin Brown’s enterprise
2002: Alison Gingeras of the Musée national d’art moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou organizes “Cher Peintre, Lieber Maler, Dear Painter,” a group exhibition of figurative art. Peyton’s work is included along with that of John Currin, Brian Calvin, Francis Picabia, and Bernard Buffet among others. The exhibition travels to the Schirn Kunsthalle, Frankfurt and the Kunsthalle Wien, Vienna.
October 17, 2002–January 6, 2003: Thirty of Peyton’s works on paper, including drawings and watercolors, are included in the Museum of Modern Art’s survey of contemporary drawings “Drawing Now: Eight Propositions,” curated by Laura Hoptman. The exhibition includes work by more than twenty artists working figuratively, including Laura Owens, Chris Ofili, Neo Rauch, Kara Walker, Shazia Sikander, and Barry McGee.
Elizabeth Peyton, Live to Ride (E.P.), 2003. Oil on board, 15 x 12 in (38.1 x 30.5 cm). Courtesy the artist and Gavin Brown’s enterprise
2003: first self-portrait was included in American Vogue article about contemporary painters
2004: invited to show at Whitney Biennial, New York City
February 28-May 8, 2004: Peyton's work is included in “Likeness: Portraits of Artists By Other Artists,” curated by Matthew Higgs for the CCA Wattis Institute in San Francisco. The exhibition travels to the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston; Dalhouise University Art Gallery, Halifax, Nova Scotia; University Art Museum, California State University at Long Beach; Illingworth Kerr Gallery, Alberta College of Art & Design; and the Contemporary Art Center of Virginia, Virginia Beach.
March 11–May 30, 2004: Peyton’s work is included in the 2004 Whitney Biennial, organized by Chrissie Isles and Philippe Vergne.
Elizabeth Peyton, Ken and Nick (Ken Okiishi and Nick Mauss), 2005. Oil on board, 11 x 9 in (27.9 x 22.9 cm). Courtesy the artist and Gavin Brown’s enterprise
2005: A major monograph on Peyton’s work is published by Rizzoli. The book includes reprinted essays, articles, and interviews by Meicost Ettal, Dave Hickey, Matthew Higgs, Steve Lafreniere, Linda Pilgrim, Jerry Saltz, Roberta Smith, and Giorgio Verzotti.
Elizabeth Peyton, Kiss (Tony), 2000. Lithograph, 24 x 19 in (61 x 48.3 cm). Courtesy the artist and Gavin Brown’s enterprise
August 12–October 22, 2006: A solo exhibition of Peyton’s prints is organized by Guild Hall in East Hampton, NY. view of Elizabeth Peyton’s exhibition “The Painting of Modern Life” at the Hayward Gallery, London, October 4–December 30, 2007. Photo: Marcus J. Leith. Courtesy the Hayward Gallery
2005: portrait of John Lennon for $800,000 at auction
2006: New York magazine named her one of the 100 Most Influential New Yorkers
October 4–December 30, 2007: Peyton’s work included in “The Painting of Modern Life: 1960s to Now,” an exhibition of photo-based painting at the Hayward Gallery, London, organized by Ralph Rugoff
Elizabeth Peyton, Piotr on Couch, 1996. Oil on board, 9 x 12 in (23 x 30.5 cm). Courtesy the artist and Gavin Brown’s enterprise

Portrait
Style: “the distilled allure of her little pictures makes them, for me, the moral center of the Biennial. Her romantic aestheticism charges her swift line an dintense color with a sense of the sacred.” Peter Schjeldahl from the reviewing the art-word event for the New Yorker. Elizabeth Peyton Biography. Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2007. Web. Feb 2011. < http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2007-Li-Pr/Peyton-Elizabeth.html>
Size:
with small or tiny images that sit almost skittishly on the walls. Smith, Roberta. The Personal and the Painterly. The New York Times: Art and Design. New York, New York. October 10, 2008. page C29.

Colors: “Yet Peyton’s lavender, lilac and crimson love letters to the age of innocence are finally reflecting the age of experience. Her deft brushwork and starry-eyed doting are still in evidence, but her color has darkened and her gaze is less moony. Several of her subjects look world-weary, like they’re living life, not just being fabulous.” JERRY SALTZ is senior art critic for New York Magazine, where this article first appeared. He can be reached at jerry_saltz@newyorkmag.com
“Her new candy-colored work titillated the eye while commenting on the photorealism” JERRY SALTZ is senior art critic for New York Magazine, where this article first appeared. He can be reached at jerry_saltz@newyorkmag.com
“The best collapse the distances between realist painting, modernist abstraction, personal snapshot and magazine, and are accessible, devotional and visually alive. Their gem-rich colors are applied with brazen abandon, like miniature action paintings.” Smith, Roberta. The Personal and the Painterly. The New York Times: Art and Design. New York, New York. October 10, 2008. page C29.

Patterns
Subjects:
Cobain's eyes make direct contact with the viewer, seducing us with his innocence. Unlike the nihilistic, grungy demeanor he often displayed, Peyton here portrayed him as compassionate but distant. The work resists feelings of irony -- her craft is genuine Elizabeth Peyton (b. 1965). Christie’s. Lot 5: Sale 1997. Web. February 2011.
She is painting and drawing more from life. In one picture, of Matthew Barney, he’s sitting slightly hunched. He isn’t just some lambkin; there are circles under his eyes, he stares into the distance and into himself, posing in such a way to accept and reject our gaze. It’s a performance, a surrender, and a protective defense. JERRY SALTZ is senior art critic for New York Magazine, where this article first appeared. He can be reached at jerry_saltz@newyorkmag.com
Photographs:
Famous: “although painterly in a traditional sense her work is reminiscent of those 1960s fan magazine cometitions: young women around the world sending in their drawings of Paul McCartney, Mick Jagger, John Lennon- the votive, often overlooked feminine response to pop.” Savage states in his Guardian article. Elizabeth Peyton Biography. Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2007. Web. Feb 2011. < http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2007-Li-Pr/Peyton-Elizabeth.html>
“Most are portraits and occasionally self-portraits painted from photographs or from life; a few are interiors or still lifes; one is a stunning Greenwich Village street scene.” Smith, Roberta. The Personal and the Painterly. The New York Times: Art and Design. New York, New York. October 10, 2008. page C29.


Family/friends:
You could say that Ms. Peyton paints two tribes: the one formed by the people she cares about and lives among, and the one that fills her imagination. Smith, Roberta. The Personal and the Painterly. The New York Times: Art and Design. New York, New York. October 10, 2008. page C29.
Elizabeth Peyton and her bohemian flock of friends, artists, rock stars and other renowned personages living and dead have alighted at the New Museum. Smith, Roberta. The Personal and the Painterly. The New York Times: Art and Design. New York, New York. October 10, 2008. page C29.
Personal perspective of work
Peyton said her subjects evoked a feeling like "I love you; I think you’re the best thing I’ve ever seen." JERRY SALTZ is senior art critic for New York Magazine, where this article first appeared. He can be reached at jerry_saltz@newyorkmag.com
Background:
Ms. Peyton is enthralled by the abstract power of paint as paint. Her broad brushstrokes and their sudden shifts function independently of her subjects. “Dallas, TX (January 1978)” shows a blond young man, John Lydon of the Sex Pistols, against a pale-orange background made luminous by the white gesso behind it and measured off by the repeating lines of the palette knife with which it was applied. His red-orange shirt is a lively tussle of brushstrokes. “Tokyo (Craig),” a nearly all-purple image that shows a figure in a darkened room, is but one example of Ms. Peyton’s extension of the modernist monochrome into everyday life.” Smith, Roberta. The Personal and the Painterly. The New York Times: Art and Design. New York, New York. October 10, 2008. page C29.
Positive perspective of work
A painter of modern life, Peyton's small, jewel-like portraits are also intensely empathetic, intimate, and even personal. Together, her works capture an artistic zeitgeist that reflects the cultural climate of the late-twentieth and early-twenty-first centuries” Live Forever: Elizabeth Peyton. New Museum: Exhibitions. 8 October 2009. Web. February 2011.
Negative perspective of work
There were startling moments -- in her 1999 depiction of the German rocker Jochen Distelmeyer, his baby blues can melt you -- but her Prince Charmings seemed lost in time, unthreatening, more elves

SFL DAP #5

Joy Prior
SFL
DAP #5
In the next part, the authors describe children’s development and developmentally appropriate practices for 3-through 5-year olds. If you have spent any time around children during this age, you will know that they often come up with delightfully original responses and are curious and active. These characteristics of early childhood can be cherished and respected as we come to better understand why they think and act as they do. In turn, this knowledge can help us plan the kinds of environment and learning experiences that will enhance and deepen their growing understanding of the world in which they live.

DEVELOPMENTALLY APPROPRIATE PRACTICES FOR 3-THROUGH 5-YEAR OLDS

Read pages 111-183 of the DAP manual and respond to the following questions:

1. List several reasons why a narrow focus on academic skills is problematic during the preschool years. (3 points)
Preschoolers thrive in environments full of diversity, “in environments that encourage them to experiment with new materials, roles, and ideas through various projects and especially through play;” (113)
Need times to express and identify emotions in play, peer interactions, and one-on-one time with teacher “they have great interest in feelings and are better able to express and label their emotions and identify others’ emotions;” (113)
Developing cognitive abilities, but their abilities are limited to what they know, there should be time to experiment and learn how to identify these new words and symbols in daily casual settings, “they make some important gains in cognition, allowing them the pleasure of representing their world in pretend play, symbols, objects, drawings, and words;” (113)
They need time to learn new words and practice vocabulary “give a rich language environment, they show astonishing gains in language skills.” (113)

2. Thoroughly detail 5 key components of physical development of 3-5 year olds. (3 points)
Physical growth and maturation: bodies are no long babies, but developing into children. “All children develop a less toddler-like trunk and become less top-heavy. Growth in this period takes place mostly in the trunk and legs… gain six pounds and two to three inches per year... all 20 baby teeth have emerged,” (114)

Sensation and perception: they have intense sensations including sight, hearing, and taste but “in spite of their physical capacities for excellent sensation and perception, their processing of the incoming information is less than complete; children have yet to develop some of the cognitive strategies and language refinements needed to interpret and communicate the sensory data.” (115)

Gross motor development: they are learning about their physical bodies and limitations which can be developed in sports or simply enjoying movement for movement’s sake. “In general, younger preschoolers are just beginning to work on skills such as balancing, jumping, and hopping and reach challenged by an obstacle course or the like; older preschoolers will find these tasks easier.” (116)

Fine motor development: learning how to use hands and fingers to do smaller more detailed activities. “they make progress through opportunities for open-ended activities that develop their hand muscles and fine motor skills, such as exploring drawing and painting, working with play dough and clay or constructing with Duplo’s or Legos.” (117)

Promoting physical development in preschool: daily activities should include opportunities not simply for children to develop motor skills in play, but for them to learn new and practice various levels of motor skills in a constructed environment. “While children may develop many of their physical capabilities through play, they also need planned movement activities, explicit instruction (both verbal and modeled), and structured physical skill development opportunities to guide them in becoming physically active and healthy for a lifetime.” (117)

3. How much time does the NASPE recommend that children should have structured and unstructured physical activity accumulated on a daily basis? (1 point)
“the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (2002) recommends that preschoolers accumulate daily at least 60 minutes of structured physical activity (e.g., in short bouts of 15 minutes each) and between 60 minutes and several hours of unstructured physical activity. They should not be sedentary for more than 60 minutes at any time (except for sleep, of course).” (117)

*Assume you are substituting in a preschool and are in charge of finding two gross motor activities and two fine motor activities. List some activities you would consider using. (3 points)
Gross
Play music in the classroom that has different tempos and have all of the student’s stand up and copy each other’s dance steps.
Have the student’s play charades in front of the classroom. After the animal has been guessed have all of the students imitate that particular animal around the classroom until the next student’s turn.
Fine motor
Bring play dough, various sized containers, and oddly shaped objects for the student’s to practice forming and molding the play dough how they want.
Have the students rip up old magazine pictures and glue them on a piece of paper in the shape and color of the rainbow

4. What are 5 key components of social and emotional development in preschool aged children? (3 points)
Social interactions, relationship with teachers and peers, and friendships: want to have friends and interactions with teachers and peers. They begin in dramatic play, and develop language and literacy skills that will determine how they perceive relationships for the reminder of their life. (121)

Development of prosaically behavior: as children learn to self-regulate and to have positive interactions with those around them they are better about to focus on distress, making plans, and can take action when needed. (122)

Aggression and other challenging behaviors: children learn that hitting, biting, and a toughing tantrum is not a positive way to get what you want, and are more likely to use relationship aggression or bullying. (122)

Sense of self in relation to others: the younger children realize that they are an individual but use physical things to identify themselves such as what they have or look like, while older children begin to identify themselves with what others say about them psychologically. (123)

Development of emotional competence: ability to express emotions and ideas through facial, gestures, and symbols such as pride, guilt, and shame. They also have the ability to identify the emotions of others around them. (123)

Development of conscience: develop an understanding of what is socially acceptable behavior and what is not. This forms what they believe is right and wrong and will determine how they make choices in their latter life. (125)
Stress, coping, and resilience: they learn that they feel stressed when something feels overwhelming, but if they are not given the correct trust and guidance to learn how to breathe through a hurt knee, or to attempt a difficult task they do not gain the self-control needed to handle stressful situations. (125)


5. In the cognitive development section, the authors address 7 areas of executive functioning in preschoolers aged 3-5. Identify all 7 areas. (2 points) Choose 2 areas to further develop by connecting what you know from the reading with the information we have learned about the brain and the educational theorists we have discussed.(4 points)
a. attention (132)
b. memory (132)
c. Mental representation (133)
d. logic and characteristics of thought (134)
The theorists Piaget strongly believe that children develop in stages and that they need opportunities to experience new things. He did not believe that in the early childhood stages children had the capacity to take another person’s perspective, or any other perspective than their own for that matter. Consequently much of what a child believes is to an adult illogical.
e. reasoning (135)
f. concept acquisition and classification (135)
The theorists Vygotsky believed that children learn from the social environment that they have. He believed that an adult should scaffold a child to the next level of an activity or thought. In order for a child to obtain the next level of thought they must be able to clearly classify and categorize what is happening around them at the level that they are at.
g. magical thinking (137)

6. Explain 3-5 ideas of what can be done to promote cognitive development during the preschool years. (2 points)
Scaffolding: “for example, as a child struggles with a puzzle piece, instead of directly showing him how to place the piece, the teacher might say, “what color is it? Where do you see that color on the puzzle?” (137)
Identify meanings for symbols by repeating what that symbol means in various mediums, “for instance, by encouraging children to plan and review their work and to represent what they know verbally pictorially, and through other modes and media.” (138)
Engage children in play time were they can practice what they have learned, “including attention and memory gains and increase self-regulation. To develop these skills, preschoolers particular need to engage in sociodramatic play that is intentional, imaginative, and extended.” (138)

7. Identify 2 components that teachers can use to promote cognitive skills in teaching math. How are these two ideas developmentally appropriate based on the universal norms of this age group? (2 points)
“teachers also help children connect various mathematics topics to one another.”(138) when a teacher helps a child to make connections between math and their daily life or other subjects that they care about the teacher is understands the level at which a child is able to label and identify various objects, ideas, and thoughts into a category that they can identify from past experiences with and value. As they learn how to remember the various mathematical concepts a child increases their memory. No longer are they limited to putting one thing in each category, but they can learn that hands have five fingers, and feet have five fingers. Memory (132)
“most good mathematics activities also develop language and vocabulary” (138) children at this age are eager to learn how to identify objects in the world around them. They understand that things have qualities and that we have labels, symbols, and words to describe those things. Mathematics is a new way for a child to learn about the world. Mental representation (133)

8. Identify 2 components that teachers can use to promote cognitive skills in teaching science. How are these two ideas developmentally appropriate based on the universal norms of this age group? (2 points)
a. “Encourages children to reflect on, represent, and document their experiences and share and discuss their ideas with others.” (141) as children discus what happened in the experiment or the activity they learn that there are reasons things happen. They also learn through the social interaction that other’s view the same experiment that they did, and were able to gather other details they did not see. This teaches them better reasoning (135)
b. “Provides access to science experiences for all children.” (141) some children have greater opportunities because of various reasons, but all children deserve the chance to learn. By having activities like science that are exciting and engaging for all of the children the students learn how to focus on one subject and are able to expand their attention span even if their natural environment does not promote a longer attention span. (132)

9. Identify 3-5 things that teachers can do to expand children’s language and literacy development.
(2 points)
Understand that children use private speech as a form of solving a problem or handling stress. Gradually private speech becomes internalize, but until then a teacher should encourage children to “talk out” what is bothering them. (142)
Expand a child’s vocabulary “knowledgeable teachers also recognize the value of expanding chlidren’s vocabulary in the course of studying topics of interest. For example, when children study transportation, they learn words such as vehicle, enormous, haul, and propeller.” (145)
Define words that a child might not encounter daily, “briefly describe each word in everyday language, use synonyms, and encourage children to use the word in applicable contexts.” (145)
Identify that print is used in a variety of contexts: menus, books, highway signs, and the child’s daily life. Print performs a variety of functions, recognizing paring in the environment, distinguishing separate words,” (147)

10. List the seven age-related differences in children’s language development (see page 143):
(2 points)
a. “the range of differences in vocabulary, sentence length, conversation, oral presentation, nonverbal behaviors, syntactical complexity, and ways of organizing thought.” (143)


11. In the “Examples to Consider” section (pages 149-183), each age break down is addressed with accompanying ”developmentally appropriate” and “in contrast” examples of how children develop and learn. Indicate here if you completed the reading (or how much you completed) to receive your points for this question. Completed all of the reading (5 points)




*List two or more items of inappropriate practice which especially interested you, surprised you, concerned you, or with which you disagree. (2 points)
“Teachers don’t make extra effort to talk to children who are shy or hesitant,” (157)
“Teachers use a “holiday curriculum” or build units on other themes with only surface appeal,” (161) I just want to know how to properly organize a “holiday curriculum” or further clarification of what would be considered a “holiday curriculum. Thank you!

REG prayer

Joy Prior
Honors Religion 211
Section 003
February 23, 2011
February 23, 2011
Testimony of Prayer
Prayer; I can constantly remember hearing about it in church, reading about it in the scriptures, and practicing it before I go to sleep. There are times when I pray more fervently. There are times when I pray in vain. There are times when I pray out loud, and there are times when I pray as if it were the only thing I can do. The assignment to ponder my daily prayers came at just the right time, and I was grateful to learn that having faith in my prayers go farther than just kneeling at my bedside morning and evening.
I am responsible to pray constantly. One of the assigned readings was Mark 11:24-26; these verses were about the spirit of prayer. The word “believing” jolted my soul, because I realized that the word believing is not past tense. Instead it is present tense; that means that it is happening now. When I pray my thoughts, feelings, and impressions do not just get left behind at the foot of my bed. No, quite the opposite, I should continually believe in what I prayed for.
When I am “believing” in my prayers I become accountable to change my daily conduct. I needed to change my daily conduct and environment to match my prayers, if the proper way to pray was to believe in my prayers even after my amen. I thought of a few things that I could do to have a “believing” prayer that would last the entire day. First, I had to start praying in the mornings. No more half-awake prayers were I am halfway dreaming until my second alarm goes off. Second, I had to remain positive throughout the day. I thought that the best way to do this would be to sing a positive hymn in my head when I started complaining to myself, but after a few days of trial and error I realized that reading my scriptures in the morning was the easiest way to remain positive for the rest of the day. Finally, I had to start looking for the answers. Sometimes I get what I call “Googled” answers to my prayers. To me a “Googled” answer is when God answers my prayers so quickly that I feel like I just had to type my question into His search engine and He spat the answer right back out at me. In all honesty this is usually how He answers my prayers. Rarely does Heavenly Father make me wait extended periods of time before answering my prayers.
This week I have been preparing for a dance tour, my classes need to be caught up, and I have had the worst cold. My brain has been all fogged up, and every morning I lay in bed for a few minutes before getting up because I feel like my brains might explode. My days have all been unexplainably productive when I start with a daily prayer. I don’t think that my days have been grand because I am blessed to be supper women when I pray. Instead, I think that I have not felt discouraged because when I start my day with a prayer the entire day I believe that God is with me. The impact of practicing a “believing” prayer has had on my life has made it so that long hours of dance practice, failed tests, and constantly taking vitamin C seems so secondary. I believe that God heard me in the morning. I believe that when I prayed to Him about the challenges of my day that He listened. I believe that He wants me to succeed. I believe that He will bless me, but most of all I believe that my Eternal Father remembers me.
To me Mark 11:24-26 has changed the manner in which I pray. I wish that I had a glorious moment to write about; a time when my entire perspective on prayer changed and I was better forever. Maybe such a dramatic story would sound better, but my testimony of prayer has been a steady increased the past two weeks. To pray constantly does not seem like such a burden, especially when I begin my day with a prayer. When I pray with a believing heart I remember that God is with me, and loves me throughout all of the trials, laughter, and joys of the day.

Geog #7

Joy Prior
Geog 120
Section 005
#7 Environment
Environmental concerns have come to the forefront of global concerns in the past couple of decades. Select an article dealing with an environmental issue and discuss the geography factors that contribute to the problem. How doe she problem affect the area in whit it is found? How does it affect neighboring areas? What attention is being given to the problem? How does the economic development of the country in with the problem miss found contribute to the existence of the probe as well as affect the country’s ability to effectively deal with the problem?
McGowan, Elizabeth. Pipeline corrosion and Safety Issues Take Spotlight in Keystone XL Debate. SolveClimate. Reuters. 18 February 2011. Web. February 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/18/idUS210128577720110218

Area Alberta to Texas oil pipeline.

The United States’ dependency on oil causes international concerns. One of the debates is about how to transport the cured oil; Oil tankers cross oceans, ten wheelers drive across highways, and pipelines pump oil across the entire world nation. The need for oil is an environmental concern not simply because crude oil is a natural resource, but because of the transportation of the oil. Some believe that one of the most efficient and safest ways to have millions of pounds of oil pumped through pipelines that cross international boundaries; forests, meadows, and natural wonders. There is no denying the United States need for oil for: cars, assault, and production.
Developers want to transport crude sand oil from Alberta Canada through pipelines to the oil refineries in the Gulf of Mexico. The pipeline (Keystone XL) would be 1702-miles long and cost $7 billion. Both nations have to approve of the Keystone XL. The United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton’s team is currently discussing the potential dangers and health risks with the TransCanada’s. The Canadian National Energy Board approved the Canadian portion.
TransCanada (the company heading the massive endeavor) has a notable safety record and promises that Keystone XL will be monitored 24/7. There are already two other pipelines in the nation’s heartland along with thousands of pipelines crisscrossing the entire North American continent. The issue being discussed is not if the pipeline is needed, but if the pipeline is technologically advanced enough to transport the thick 100,000 to 500,000 barrels per day. If the Keystone XL is not sturdy enough then the pipeline may weaken, leak, or erupt into a massive oil spill that would cross entire sections of the nation. Such a leak would threatening underwater sources in South Dakota, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Texas, and Montana.
Currently the oil is being carried from Alberta to oil refiners by boat. The curd oil is taken from Lakehead systems that start in Canada and the northern parts of the United States. Either way the oil will be transported. The debate about how should the oil be transported is heated. Environmentalist, citizens, politicians, and companies have sent researchers across the already established pipelines to determine the dependency of a pipeline system, and potential risks.

Reg Test review 1 of names

Elohim: Father in heaven, God, Godhead, The Father of the spirits of all mankind
Jehovah: The covenant or proper name of the God of Israel. It denotes “the eternal I AM” (Ex. 3:14; John 8:58). Jehovah is the premortal Jesus Christ and came to earth as a son of Mary (Mosiah 3:8; 15:1; 3 Ne. 15:1–5). Usually, when the word Lord appears in the Old Testament, it means Jehovah.

Yahweh
Lord: A title of deep respect and honor for God the Father and the Savior Jesus Christ. The title refers to their positions as supreme, loving masters over their creations.

The Word: See Jesus Christ—Premortal existence of Christ.

Redeemer: Jesus Christ is the great Redeemer of mankind because he, through his atonement, paid the price for the sins of mankind and made possible the resurrection of all people.
Yeshua
Jesus: Christ (a Greek word) and Messiah (a Hebrew word) mean “the anointed.” Jesus Christ is the Firstborn of the Father in the spirit (Heb. 1:6; D&C 93:21). He is the Only Begotten of the Father in the flesh (John 1:14; 3:16). He is Jehovah (D&C 110:3–4) and was foreordained to his great calling before the creation of the world.
Christ/Messiah= Anointed one: Christ (a Greek word) and Messiah (a Hebrew word) mean “the anointed.” Jesus Christ is the Firstborn of the Father in the spirit (Heb. 1:6; D&C 93:21). He is the Only Begotten of the Father in the flesh (John 1:14; 3:16). He is Jehovah (D&C 110:3–4) and was foreordained to his great calling before the creation of the world.

The Rock: Figuratively, Jesus Christ and his gospel, which are a strong foundation and support (D&C 11:24; 33:12–13). Rock can also refer to revelation, by which God makes his gospel known to man (Matt. 16:15–18).

Son of Man: A title that Jesus Christ used when speaking of himself (Luke 9:22; Luke 21:36). It meant the Son of the Man of Holiness. Man of Holiness is one of the names of God the Father. When Jesus called himself the Son of Man, it was an open declaration of his divine relationship with the Father. This title is found frequently in the Gospels. Latter-day revelation confirms the special meaning and sacredness of this name of the Savior (D&C 45:39; 49:6, 22; 58:65; Moses 6:57).
Son of David
Nazarene: A village among the hills west of the Sea of Galilee. Nazareth was the early home of Jesus (Matt. 2:23). Jesus taught in the synagogue at Nazareth, and declared that he fulfilled the prophecy in Isaiah 61:1–2 (Matt. 13:54–58; Mark 6:1–6; Luke 4:16–30).
Lamb of God: A name for the Savior that refers to Jesus as the sacrificial offering given in our behalf.
I Am: One of the names of the Lord Jesus Christ; God said unto Moses, I AM THAT I AM, Ex. 3:14–15

Lucifer: The name means the Shining One or Lightbearer. He is also known as the Son of the Morning. Lucifer was a spirit son of Heavenly Father and led the rebellion in the premortal life. The name Lucifer appears only once in the Bible (Isa. 14:12). Latter-day revelation gives more detail on Lucifer’s fall (D&C 76:25–29).
Satan: See Devil.
Tempter: The devil is the enemy of righteousness and of those who seek to do the will of God. He is literally a spirit son of God and was at one time an angel in authority in the presence of God (Isa. 14:12; 2 Ne. 2:17). However, he rebelled in the premortal life and persuaded a third part of the spirit children of the Father to rebel with him (D&C 29:36; Moses 4:1–4; Abr. 3:27–28). They were cast out of heaven, were denied the opportunity of obtaining mortal bodies and experiencing mortal life, and will be eternally damned. Since the time the devil was cast out of heaven, he has sought constantly to deceive all men and women and lead them away from the work of God in order to make all mankind as miserable as he is (Rev. 12:9; 2 Ne. 2:27; 9:8–9).

Beelzebub: the New Testament as Satan, the "prince of the demons". When Jesus drove out demons by the power of Beelzeboul. literally "Lord of the Flies"; Greek: βεελζεβούβ, Beelzeboub; Latin: Beelzebūb), with numerous archaic variants,[1] is a Semitic deity that was worshipped in the Philistine city of Ekron. In later Christian and Biblical sources he appears as a demon and the name of one of the seven princes of Hell.

Josephus: (37 – c.100 CE),[2] also Yoseph Ben Mattithyahu in Biblical Hebrew (Joseph son of Matthias) and Titus Flavius Josephus[3] was a 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian and hagiographer of priestly and royal ancestry who recorded Jewish history, with special emphasis on the 1st century CE and the First Jewish–Roman War which resulted in the Destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE. He has been credited by many as recording some of the earliest history of Jesus Christ outside of the gospels,[4] this being an item of contention among historians.
Josephus was a law-observant Jew who believed in the compatibility of Judaism and Graeco-Roman thought, commonly referred to as Hellenistic Judaism. His most important works were The Jewish War (c. 75 CE) and Antiquities of the Jews (c. 94 CE).[5] The Jewish War recounts the Jewish revolt against Roman occupation (66–70). Antiquities of the Jews recounts the history of the world from a Jewish perspective for a Roman audience. These works provide valuable insight into 1st century Judaism and the background of Early Christianity.[5]

Augustus Caesar: (23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14) is considered the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in AD 14
Cyrenius/quirinius: was a Roman aristocrat. After the banishment of the ethnarch Herod Archelaus in 6 CE, he was appointed governor of Syria.
According to the Gospel of Luke, Jesus was born while Quirinius was governor of Syria, specifically during a world-wide census. Historians, however, usually link Jesus' birth to the life of Herod the Great, who died in 4 BCE.

Tiberius Caesar: was Roman Emperor from 14 AD to 37 AD.
Herod the Great: client king of the Roman provinces of Judea, Galilee and Samaria (near present-day [Nablus]).[8] He was described as "a madman who murdered his own family and a great many rabbis."[9] He is also known for his colossal building projects in Jerusalem and elsewhere, including the rebuilding of the Second Temple in Jerusalem (sometimes referred to as Herod's Temple). Important details of his biography are gleaned from the works of the 1st century CE Roman-Jewish historian Josephus Flavius.
Herod Antipas: was the son of the Jewish king Herod the Great and his wife Malthace; he was full brother of Archelaus; beheaded John the Baptist; After inheriting his territories when the kingdom of his father Herod the Great was divided upon his death in 4 BC, Antipas ruled them as a client state of the Roman Empire. He was responsible for building projects at Sepphoris and Betharamphtha, and more important for the construction of his capital Tiberias on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee.
Herod Philip: Philip was the son of the Jewish king Herod the Great and his wife Cleopatra of Jerusalem. He was married to his relative Salome.
Herod Agrippa: martyred James apostle
Wise men: were a group of distinguished foreigners who were said to have visited Jesus after his birth, bearing gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh. They are regular figures in traditional accounts of the nativity celebrations of Christmas and are an important part of the Christian tradition.
The Gospel of Matthew,[2] the only one of the four Canonical gospels to mention the Magi, states that they came "from the east" to worship the Christ, "born King of the Jews." Although the account does not tell how many they were, the three gifts led to a widespread assumption that they were three as well.[3][4] In the East, the magi are traditionally numbers twelve.[4] Their identification as kings in later Christian writings is probably linked to Psalms 72:11, “May all kings fall down before him”.[4]

John the Baptist: The son of Zacharias and Elisabeth in the New Testament. John was sent to prepare the people to receive the Messiah (John 1:19–27). He held the keys of the Aaronic Priesthood and baptized Jesus Christ.
Nicodemus: In the New Testament, a righteous ruler of the Jews (probably of the Sanhedrin) and a Pharisee (John 3:1).
Andrew: son of Jonah, brother of Simon Peter, one of the Twelve Apostles called by Jesus during his mortal ministry (Matt. 4:18–19; Mark 1:16–18, 29). Gr. Andreas (manly)
Simon/Cephas/Peter: shimon bar Yonah (son of man named Jonah) Cephas (Aramaic) or Petros (gr.) meaning stone/rock along with James and John the “First Presidency” brother of Andrew, from Bethsaida, independent householder in Capernaum, married, prosperous fishing business with Andrew, James, and John; impulsive, impetuous; his death prefigured; tradition-crucified upside down in Rome. In the New Testament, Peter was originally known as Simeon or Simon (2 Pet. 1:1), a fisherman of Bethsaida living at Capernaum with his wife. Jesus healed Peter’s wife’s mother (Mark 1:29–31). Peter was called with his brother Andrew to be a disciple of Jesus Christ (Matt. 4:18–22; Mark 1:16–18; Luke 5:1–11). His Aramaic name, Cephas, meaning “a seer” or “stone,” was given to him by the Lord (John 1:40–42; JST, John 1:42). While the New Testament mentions some of Peter’s mortal weaknesses, it also illustrates that he overcame them and was made strong by his faith in Jesus Christ.
Philip: In the New Testament, Philip, of Bethsaida, was one of the original Twelve Apostles of the Savior (Matt. 10:2–4; John 1:43–45). Gr. Lover of horses. From Bethsaida, as were Peter, Andrew.
Nathanael: An Apostle of Christ and a friend of Philip in the New Testament (John 1:45–51). He came from Cana in Galilee (John 21:2). Christ said that Nathanael was an Israelite without guile (John 1:47). He and Bartholomew are generally thought to be the same person (Matt. 10:3; Mark 3:18; Luke 6:14; John 1:43–45). Heb. Gift of God. Otherwise called Bartholomew. Bar Tolmai: son of a man named Tolmai; from Cana;
James: One of the Twelve Apostles chosen by Jesus during his mortal ministry (Matt. 10:3; Mark 3:18; Luke 6:15; Acts 1:13). Heb. Ya’akov. He and His brother John called Boanerges, “Sons of Thunder”; son of Zebedee, brother of John; first martyr apostle, beheaded by Herod Agrippa
John: Heb. Yohanan “God is gracious/merciful” called “the Beloved,” “the Revelator”. One of the Twelve Apostles in the New Testament, a son of Zebedee, and a brother of James. In his early life he was a fisherman (Mark 1:17–20). He is probably the unnamed disciple of John the Baptist mentioned in John 1:40. Later he received a call to be a disciple of Jesus Christ (Matt. 4:21–22; Luke 5:1–11). He wrote the Gospel of John, three epistles, and the book of Revelation. He was one of three who were with the Lord at the raising of Jairus’s daughter (Mark 5:35–42), at the Mount of Transfiguration (Matt. 17:1–9), and in Gethsemane (Matt. 26:36–46). In his own writings he refers to himself as the disciple whom Jesus loved (John 13:23; 21:20) and as the “other disciple” (John 20:2–8). Jesus also called him and his brother Boanerges, “sons of thunder” (Mark 3:17). There are frequent references to him in the accounts of the crucifixion and resurrection (Luke 22:8; John 18:15; 19:26–27; 20:2–8; 21:1–2). John was later banished to Patmos, where he wrote the book of Revelation (Rev. 1:9).

Levi/Matthew: Levi(priestly lineage) Gr. Matthias is short form of Mattathias, same as Heb. Mattithyah, means “gift of God” son of Alphaeus and possible brother to James ‘the less’; former publican; wrote the Gospel.

Twelve apostles: Simon Peter, James, John, Andrew, Philip, Nathanael, Thomas, Matthew, James, Jude, Simon, Judas ish Kerioth, latter Matthias

Samaritans: The biblical people who lived in Samaria after the northern kingdom of Israel was captured by the Assyrians. The Samaritans were partly Israelite and partly Gentile. Their religion was a mixture of Jewish and pagan beliefs and practices. The parable of the good Samaritan in Luke 10:25–37 shows the hatred that the Jews had developed for the Samaritans because the Samaritans had apostatized from the Israelite religion. The Lord directed the Apostles to teach the gospel to the Samaritans (Acts 1:6–8). Philip successfully preached the gospel of Christ to the people of Samaria and performed many miracles among them (Acts 8:5–39).
Pharisees: In the New Testament, a religious group among the Jews whose name suggests being separate or apart. The Pharisees prided themselves on strictly observing the law of Moses and avoiding anything associated with the Gentiles. They believed in life after death, the resurrection, and the existence of angels and spirits. They believed that the oral law and tradition were equally as important as the written laws. Their teachings reduced religion to the observance of rules and encouraged spiritual pride. They caused many Jewish people to doubt Christ and his gospel. The Lord denounced the Pharisees and their works in Matthew 23; Mark 7:1–23; and Luke 11:37–44.
Sadducees: A small but politically powerful party or caste among the Jews. They were perhaps best known for their rigid belief in obeying the letter of the Mosaic law and for rejecting the reality of spirits and angels and also the doctrines of resurrection and eternal life (Mark 12:18–27; Acts 4:1–3; 23:7–8).
Scribes: Scribes are frequently mentioned in the New Testament and are sometimes called lawyers or doctors of the law. They developed the law in detail and applied it to the circumstances of their time (Matt. 13:52; Mark 2:16–17; 11:17–18; Luke 11:44–53; 20:46–47).
Essenes: were a Jewish religious group that flourished from the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century CE that some scholars claim seceded from the Zadokite priests.[1] Being much fewer in number than the Pharisees and the Sadducees (the other two major sects at the time) the Essenes lived in various cities but congregated in communal life dedicated to asceticism, voluntary poverty, daily immersion, and abstinence from worldly pleasures, including marriage.
Levites: See Aaronic Priesthood. Its offices are bishop, priest, teacher, and deacon (D&C 84:30; 107:10, 14–15, 87–88). Anciently, under the law of Moses, there were high priests, priests, and Levites. The Aaronic Priesthood was revealed to Moses because the ancient Israelites rebelled against God. They refused to be sanctified and receive the Melchizedek Priesthood and its ordinances (D&C 84:23–25). The Aaronic Priesthood deals with the temporal and outward ordinances of the law and the gospel (1 Chr. 23:27–32; D&C 84:26–27; 107:20). It holds the keys of the ministering of angels, of the gospel of repentance, and of baptism (D&C 13). The Aaronic Priesthood was restored to the earth in this dispensation on 15 May 1829. John the Baptist conferred it on Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery on the banks of the Susquehanna River, near Harmony, Pennsylvania (D&C 13; JS—H 1:68–73).

REG TEST 1 Review

Who was Jesus?
“that Jesus is the Living Christ, the immortal Son of God. He is the great King Immanuel, who stands today on the right hand of His Father. He is the light, the life, and the hope of the world. His way is the path that leads to happiness in this life and eternal life in the world to come. God be thanked for the matchless gift of His divine Son.”
The Living Christ
What did He do in pre-mortal life/before this world was created?
“That by him, and through him, and of him, the worlds are and were created, and the inhabitants thereof are begotten sons and daughters unto God” (D&C 76:22–24).
“All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made” (John 1:3)
Nevertheless, by viewing the stretching cosmos, we can humbly contemplate the vastness of divine handiwork. Long before He was born at Bethlehem and became known as Jesus of Nazareth, our Savior was Jehovah. Way back then, under the direction of the Father, Christ was the Lord of the universe, who created worlds without number—of which ours is only one (see Eph. 3:9; Heb. 1:2).
Elder Neal A. Maxwell Of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
What is Jesus’ relationship to us?
Having purchased us (see 1 Cor. 7:23) with His atoning blood (see Acts 20:28) in the great and marvelous Atonement, Jesus thereby became our Lawgiver (see Isa. 33:22). It is by obedience to His laws and His commandments that we may return one day to His presence and that of our Heavenly Father.
Elder Neal A. Maxwell Of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
The fulfillment of the ancient Abrahamic covenant is feasible only because of the Lord Jesus Christ. It is He who has made it possible for us to dwell with God, with Him, and with our families eternally.
Elder Russell M. Nelson Of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
He showed the way to truth, the way to peace, the way to happiness. I testify that when He walked the earth, thousands looked into His eyes—yearning for answers, yearning for release from suffering and grief, yearning that the burdens they carried would be lightened. Everyone who looked into His eyes with faith found healing, peace, and happiness.
Elder Joseph B. Wirthlin Of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
What was the Jewish concept of Messiah?
“the Jews were looking for a redeemer quite different from the Christ. It was a temporal salvation that they desired. It was an earthly kingdom for which they longed. It was not faith, repentance, and baptism for which they sought, but national vindication, the destruction of gentile oppressors, and the establishment of a kingdom of peace and justice.” (Joseph McConkie, “Messianic Expectations among the Jews,” A Symposium on the New Testament, Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1980, p. 128.)
“The Jews had apostatized before Jesus came among them to that degree, that there were sects and parties among them, just as we find in the Christian world since; and these Jewish sects were destitute of the spirit of prophecy which their ancient fathers had. … It was because of this that the Jews were broken off, and the Gentiles were grafted in, and were made partakers of the riches, blessings and glories formerly enjoyed by the ancient Jews.” (Journal of Discourses, 16:345.) Orson Pratt
That is, what kind of Messiah did the Jews of Jesus’ day expect?
After ages of bondage, the Jews had fixed themselves upon the hope of deliverance. Anticipation was great, and expectations were legion, for “the Jews taught that the kingdom of God should immediately appear.” (JST, Luke 19:11.) And yet, the results were quite different from what they expected.
Robert L. Millet, "Looking beyond the Mark: Why Many Did Not Accept the Messiah", Ensign, July 1987, 60
What were some specific prophecies about the who the moral Messiah would be and what His purpose was?
The Hebrew title messiah and its Greek equivalent christ mean the anointed one and could be used for a number of callings. The title mashiah (anointed one) applied to anyone—a priest, a king, or a prophet—who was anointed with oil to minister in God’s behalf. (See Ex. 29:29; 1 Sam. 10:1; 1 Kgs. 19:16.) Jesus was all of these—prophet, priest, and king.
Keith Meservy, "“This Day Is This Scripture Fulfilled”", Ensign, Apr. 1987, 7
It was there that Jesus became “the anointed Son of God, from before the foundation of the world.” (Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, sel. Joseph Fielding Smith, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1938, p. 265.) For this reason, John identified Jesus as “the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world.” (Rev. 13:8.)
Keith Meservy, "“This Day Is This Scripture Fulfilled”", Ensign, Apr. 1987, 7
Although the major earthly role of the Son of God was to conquer physical and spiritual death, many prophecies focus on the Anointed One primarily in his kingly role. One early prophecy stated, “The sceptre shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come; and unto him shall the gathering of the people be.” (Gen. 49:10.)
Keith Meservy, "“This Day Is This Scripture Fulfilled”", Ensign, Apr. 1987, 7
When David, of the tribe of Judah, came to the throne, the Lord promised him that his posterity would continue as heirs to the throne forever. (1 Chr. 17:11–14.) Thus, the Messiah would occupy David’s throne.
Keith Meservy, "“This Day Is This Scripture Fulfilled”", Ensign, Apr. 1987, 7
By choosing to ride into Jerusalem upon the colt of an ass, Jesus—his very name meaning that he would save his people—announced that he was the prophesied King, having salvation. Therefore, the believing, ecstatic Jews greeted him with “Hosanna!”—a word that means please save!—and shouted, “Blessed be the King that cometh in the name of the Lord: peace in heaven, and glory in the highest.” (Mark 11:7–10; Luke 19:35–38.)
Keith Meservy, "“This Day Is This Scripture Fulfilled”", Ensign, Apr. 1987, 7
Like Moses, that prophet would make a new covenant and give new laws. Jeremiah wrote of that new covenant with the house of Israel, saying that it would be “not according to the covenant [God] made with their fathers in the day that [he] took them … out of the land of Egypt,” but instead would be a law written “in their hearts.” (Jer. 31:31–33.)… By word and deed Jesus himself sent clear messages to the Jews that a new lawgiver was replacing Moses. In the Sermon on the Mount, he said:
“Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou shalt not kill; …
“But I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment.” (Matt. 5:21–22.)
Keith Meservy, "“This Day Is This Scripture Fulfilled”", Ensign, Apr. 1987, 7
Two passages in Isaiah speak of a divine child being born. The first promises that “a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel,” which means with us is God. (Isa. 7:14.)
Keith Meservy, "“This Day Is This Scripture Fulfilled”", Ensign, Apr. 1987, 7
Even before the birth of Jesus, the angel Gabriel, referring to the prophecy in Isaiah 9, [Isa. 9] emphasized to Mary that her child would be called the Son of God. (See Luke 1:26–35.) Matthew also wrote that the birth of Jesus fulfilled the Immanuel prophecy in Isaiah. (See Matt. 1:22–23.)
Keith Meservy, "“This Day Is This Scripture Fulfilled”", Ensign, Apr. 1987, 7
In Isaiah 61:12, [Isa. 61:12] the prophet foretold that the Messiah would be anointed to help the powerless of body, mind, or spirit triumph over their enemies. So rich is this prophecy in promise that one can see why Jesus used it to announce his Messiahship at the Nazareth synagogue. Herein he describes his anointing:
“The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; he hath sent me to heal the brokenhearted, to preach deliverance to the captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that are bruised,
“To preach the acceptable year of the Lord.” (Luke 4:18–19; italics added.)
Keith Meservy, "“This Day Is This Scripture Fulfilled”", Ensign, Apr. 1987, 7
Many of the events in the Old Testament also pointed to the ultimate sacrifice. When the Israelites were dying of serpent bites, Moses lifted up a brass serpent in the camp of Israel to save them. Those who looked with faith at the figure lived. (See Num. 21:6–9.) Thus, Jesus taught Nicodemus, “As Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up:
Keith Meservy, "“This Day Is This Scripture Fulfilled”", Ensign, Apr. 1987, 7
How could knowing something of the land of Jesus and its history help you to understand Jesus’ mission?
And it has the promise of a peaceful future as a dwelling place for the Lord and His Saints during His great millennial reign.
D. Kelly Ogden, "Jerusalem", Liahona, Apr. 2003, 8
Solomon built his temple on Mount Moriah, which was the place where David had earlier purchased the threshing floor of a Jebusite man and had there been instructed by the Lord to build an altar.
Jerusalem, as with many other great cities of the world, did not remain static during the long period of its ancient occupation. From the time that it was captured by David and made the capital of his new kingdom about 993 B.C., to the time that it lay a tragic and barren ruin following the Babylonian destruction of 587 B.C., to the time of its resettlement and rebuilding in the days of Zerubbabel and of Ezra and Nehemiah, Jerusalem underwent many changes in area and in population
The area that comprised ancient Palestine is a land of striking geographical and climatic contrasts—a land highly dependent on one special resource: water. Between Jerusalem on the west and Amman, Jordan, on the east flows the Jordan River from the Sea of Galilee on the north to the Dead Sea.
John M. Lundquist, "Life in Ancient Biblical Lands", Ensign, Dec. 1981, 31–47
Nephi and his brother Jacob quoted Isaiah extensively, and they both declared that we should liken Isaiah’s teachings to ourselves (see 1 Nephi 19:23; 2 Nephi 6:5). Although Isaiah lived long ago and often spoke about people, places, and things that are unfamiliar to us, his teachings are relevant to our lives today.
"Chapter 10: 2 Nephi 11–16," Book of Mormon Teacher Manual, (2009)
In what ways do you see the Lord’s hand preparing the place and the people for His mortal ministry?
John’s activities were made known to Lehi and Nephi by vision centuries before his birth, and they spoke of it and said that he would prepare the way before and even baptize the Messiah. Jesus eulogized John, calling him “a burning and a shining light,” and said that among those born of woman, there was not a greater prophet.
Robert J. Matthews, "John the Baptist: A Burning and a Shining Light", Ensign, Sept. 1972, 73
What is mean by the condescension(s) of God?
President Ezra Taft Benson (1899–1994) taught, “It means to descend or come down from an exalted position to a place of inferior station.” 1
Elder Bruce R. McConkie (1915–85) of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles elaborates, “‘The condescension of God,’ of which the scriptures speak, means that the Immortal Father—the glorified, exalted, enthroned ruler of the universe—came down from his station of dominion and power to become the Father of a Son who would be born of Mary, ‘after the manner of the flesh.’”
It had to be a sacrifice of a God, even God the Creator, God the Redeemer. He had to condescend from godhood to mortality, and in mortality to sacrificial lamb. His gift of redemption, through His condescension, necessitated His suffering, exquisite pain, and humiliation.
Richard C. Edgley, "“The Condescension of God”", Ensign, Dec. 2001, 16
The Prophet Joseph Smith taught, “The condescension of the Father of our spirits, in providing a sacrifice for His creatures, a plan of redemption, … ought to inspire everyone who is called to be a minister of these glad tidings, to so improve his talent that he may gain other talents, that when the Master sits down to take an account of the conduct of His servants, it may be said, Well done, good and faithful servant.”
What do we know about Jesus’ youth and adolescence?
“Even Jesus, the Son of God,” said the Prophet Joseph Smith, “had to … restrain His feelings many times for the safety of Himself and His followers, and had to conceal the righteous purposes of His heart in relation to many things pertaining to His Father’s kingdom. When still a boy He had all the intelligence necessary to enable Him to rule and govern the kingdom of the Jews, and could reason with the wisest and most profound doctors of law and divinity, and make their theories and practice to appear like folly compared with the wisdom He possessed; but He was a boy only, and lacked physical strength even to defend His own person; and was subject to cold, to hunger and to death” (Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, p. 392).
It was revealed to the Prophet Joseph Smith that both during the years Jesus grew and waited for his ministry, and throughout his ministry, Jesus “suffered temptations but gave no heed unto them” (D&C 20:22). And in fact, the text in Hebrews 5:8 [Heb. 5:8] that is sometimes applied to Jesus—“Though he were a Son, yet learned he obedience by the things which he suffered”—does not refer to Jesus at all, but is “alluding to Melchizedek,” said Joseph Smith (Heb. 5:7, note a).
Jay M. Todd, "Our New Light on Jesus’ Mortal Life and Teachings", Ensign, Jan. 1995, 33
Why was Jesus Baptized
But Jesus knew that God had commanded all people to be baptized. Jesus told John to baptize Him, and John did so. Jesus set an example for us by being baptized to obey God’s commandment. Matt. 3:16; 2 Ne. 31:7–8
"Jesus Is Baptized", Liahona, Nov. 2000, 12
Why was Jesus Tempted?
Help the children understand that the JST makes it clear that Jesus was “led by the Spirit into the wilderness to be with God” and not to be tempted by the devil.
"Lesson 7: Jesus Christ Was Tempted by Satan," Primary 7: New Testament, (1997)
he himself hath suffered being tempted, Heb. 2:18
was in all points tempted like as we are, Heb. 4:15
learned he obedience by the things which he suffered, Heb. 5:8
he shall suffer temptations, and pain of body, Mosiah 3:7
suffereth temptation, and yieldeth not, Mosiah 15:5
suffering pains … and temptations of every kind, Alma 7:11
He suffered temptations but gave no heed, D&C 20:22
How is one born again?
“I have repented of my sins, and have been redeemed of the Lord; behold I am born of the Spirit.
“And the Lord said unto me: Marvel not that all mankind, yea, men and women, all nations, kindreds, tongues and people, must be born again; yea, born of God, changed from their carnal and fallen state, to a state of righteousness, being redeemed of God, becoming his sons and daughters;
“And thus they become new creatures” (Mosiah 27:24–26).
The Spirit of the Lord wrought such a mighty change in the people that they had “no more disposition to do evil, but to do good continually” (Mosiah 5:2). Because of their faith in Christ, they said, “We are willing to enter into a covenant with our God to do his will, and to be obedient to his commandments … all the remainder of our days” (Mosiah 5:5; emphasis added). The king responded, “Because of the covenant which ye have made ye shall be called the children of Christ, his sons, and his daughters; for behold, this day he hath spiritually begotten you; for ye say that your hearts are changed through faith on his name” (Mosiah 5:7; see also D&C 76:24).
"Born Again," , (April 6, 2008)
Being born again, unlike our physical birth, is more a process than an event. And engaging in that process is the central purpose of mortality.
"Born Again," , (April 6, 2008)
What does spiritual rebirth involve?
Please note that the conversion described in these verses is mighty, not minor—a spiritual rebirth and fundamental change of what we feel and desire, what we think and do, and what we are. Indeed, the essence of the gospel of Jesus Christ entails a fundamental and permanent change in our very nature made possible through our reliance upon “the merits, and mercy, and grace of the Holy Messiah” (2 Nephi 2:8). As we choose to follow the Master, we choose to be changed—to be spiritually reborn.
"Ye Must Be Born Again," , (March 31, 2007)
How do you reconcile the “nothingness of man” (Moses 1:10; Hela. 12:7; Mosiah 4:11_ and “the worth of souls is great” (D&C 18:10)?
We may defy our nothingness and attempt to become something without God. We may try in many vain ways to prove our worth by seeking wealth, power, or praise of men.
Yet, when we can finally admit that we are nothing without God, the Savior invites us to lay on the altar the great burden of trying to do everything on our own or of assuming more responsibility than we have. Our meekness and dependence on the Lord, our hunger to know what is right, draw the Lord and his solutions to us. It is the poor in spirit, the mournful, and the meek “who come unto me” who will receive the kingdom of heaven. (3 Ne. 12:3; italics added.) Those who “hunger and thirst after righteousness” will be “filled with the Holy Ghost.” (3 Ne. 12:6.)
Catherine Thomas, "“Blessed Are Ye …”", Ensign, June 1987, 6
When we see the effect one person can have on the lives of so many, it perhaps is no wonder that the Lord reminded us, “Remember the worth of souls is great in the sight of God” (D&C 18:10).
I pray we all might consider what we can do individually to assist those who will be the future great-grandparents, whether a little child, a teenager, or an adult, so that each will leave a righteous legacy of those who know and love the Lord. In the name of Jesus Christ, amen.
"The Worth of Souls," , (April 2, 2005)

Why did some Jews have a problem with Jesus’ actions on the Sabbath?
After healing a man on the Sabbath (see John 5:16–47). When Jesus returned to Jerusalem to celebrate the Passover, the healing of a man on the Sabbath day drew tremendous attention. Jesus defended the timing of this action by fearlessly teaching, “My Father worketh hitherto, and I work” (John 5:17; emphasis added). His explanation not only openly confronted the strict laws and practices of the Jewish Sabbath but also declared with unmistakable clarity that He was the Son of God…The Jewish scriptures taught that the Sabbath came from God and was an everlasting sign between Jehovah and Israel (see Gen. 2:3; Ex. 16:23–29; Ex. 20:11; Ex. 31:16–17; Ezek. 20:12, 21). By boldly testifying that it was He who had originated the Sabbath, He was now asserting the right to decide how His disciples could keep that day which belonged to Him, even the Sabbath.
Jonathan H. Stephenson, "“I Am He”", Ensign, Apr. 1999, 7

How did Jesus know who to select for His Apostles?
The word Apostle is derived from a Greek word meaning “one sent forth” (see Bible Dictionary, “Apostle,” 612)
An Apostle is one of a select group of men who is ordained as a special witness of Jesus Christ to all the world. He testifies that Jesus is the Son of God and that he was resurrected. He makes sure the gospel is preached everywhere in the world. (See Mark 16:15 and D&C 107:23.)
"Lesson 9: Jesus Christ Calls His Apostles," Primary 7: New Testament, (1997)
The word Apostle was not applied to the early patriarchs and prophets of God who led His people through their ages; rather, it was restricted for those called as special witnesses of the name of Jesus Christ, His Atonement, and His Resurrection.
Edward J. Brandt, "“And He Gave Some, Apostles”", Liahona, Sept. 2001, 32

What is Jesus doing in Matthew 5?
Jesus preaches the Sermon on the Mount—Its teachings replace and transcend some aspects of the law of Moses—All are commanded to be perfect like their Father in Heaven.
The first word of the sermon signals the Savior’s main message: Blessed. In the Greek text, the word is makarios, a word that refers to a state of divine happiness. With this word, the Savior draws us into his sermon and shows us how to find divine happiness in this life and take it with us into the next.
Catherine Thomas, "“Blessed Are Ye …”", Ensign, June 1987, 6
In brief, the Sermon on the Mount might be outlined as follows:
Matthew 5:1–12. The Lord addresses his followers, gives the Beatitudes, broadly identifies what is expected of his disciples, and assures them of blessings if they will comply. [Matt. 5:1–12]
Matthew 5:13–16. The Lord speaks of his disciples as the salt of the earth and the light of the world, which implies a signal responsibility. [Matt. 5:13–16]
Matthew 5:17–20. The Lord says he came not to destroy the law of Moses but to fulfill it. This is the pivotal statement of the entire sermon. [Matt. 5:17–20]
Matthew 5:21 to 6:34. The Lord illustrates that his gospel requires more of mankind than did the law of Moses. [Matt. 5:21–Matt. 6:34]
Matthew 7:1–23. The Lord gives a series of six broad, fundamental principles of counsel and warning. [Matt. 7:1–23]
The Lord’s statement that he came to fulfill the law, to make the final and infinite sacrifice himself to atone for the sins of mankind, is the basis for the rest of his sermon: thereafter he illustrates with numerous examples that his gospel requires more exemplary conduct from man than did the law of Moses.
David H. Yarn Jr., "The Sermon on the Mount", Ensign, Dec. 1972, 53

What is Jesus doing with the first three doctrines or principles in Matthew 6?
Alms: Notoriety of generosity
Prayer: Hypocrisy or reverence
Fasting: Hypocrisy or simplicity

To whom was Matt. 6:25-34 directed?
One section of it, however, was directed to the twelve disciples and did not apply ... Matthew 6:25—34.) There is no suggestion in the text of Matthew that this ... of these twelve whom I have chosen from among you to minister unto you, ...
Journal of Book of Mormon Studies: Volume - 4, Issue - 1, Pages: 153-65
Provo, Utah: Maxwell Institute, 1995
Those in full-time service to the Lord

Why did Jesus tell them such things?
“The greatest discovery of my generation is that you can change your circumstances by changing your attitudes of mind.”
William James, the great Harvard psychologist

“I have now finished distributing all of my property to my children. However, there is one more thing that I wish I could give them, and that is the Christian religion. If I could give them that, though I had not given them a single shilling, they would be rich. And if they did not have that, though I had given them the whole world, they would be poor.”
Patrick Henry

What is your favorite teaching in Matt. 7, and why?
Jesus concludes the Sermon on the Mount—He commands, Judge not; ask of God; beware of false prophets—He promises salvation to those who do the will of the Father.
It is not possible to judge another fairly unless you know his desires, his faith, and his goals. Because of a different environment, unequal opportunity, and many other things, people are not in the same position. One may start at the top and the other at the bottom, and they may meet as they are going in opposite directions. Someone has said that it is not where you are but the direction in which you are going that counts; not how close you are to failure or success but which way you are headed. How can we, with all our weaknesses and frailties, dare to arrogate to ourselves the position of a judge? At best, man can judge only what he sees; he cannot judge the heart or the intention, or begin to judge the potential of his neighbor.
N. Eldon Tanner, "“Judge Not, That Ye Be Not Judged”", Ensign, July 1972, 34
What is a miracle?
“a beneficial event brought about through divine power that mortals do not understand and of themselves cannot duplicate.” In Daniel H. Ludlow, ed., Encyclopedia of Mormonism, 5 vols. (1992), 2:908.
"Miracles are everywhere to be found when priesthood callings are magnified. When faith replaces doubt, when selfless service eliminates selfish striving, the power of God brings to pass His purposes. Whom God calls, God qualifies."
Thomas S. Monson, "Our Sacred Priesthood Trust," Ensign, May 2006, 57
Why did Jesus perform miracles?’
“was moved with compassion toward them, because they were as sheep not having a shepherd” (Mark 6:34).
The story does not end there. All of these events were only a prelude to what the Savior taught afterward. He performed this miracle in a dramatic way so the people clearly understood that He has great power, and they were thus better prepared to accept His teaching—which was so much more important than eating the loaves and the fishes.
A short time after performing this miracle, Jesus taught the people not to focus on physical bread but to seek for much more important bread: “Labour not for the meat which perisheth, but for that meat which endureth unto everlasting life, which the Son of man shall give unto you” (John 6:27).
The people were confused about what He said. Their minds were still on the loaves they had eaten. They could not understand the meaning of the term “bread of life.”
Won Yong Ko, "Lessons from the New Testament: Jesus Christ, the Bread of Life", Liahona, Mar. 2007, 41–43
Do miracles contradict the law?
“There was nothing informal or unorganized about our Lord’s planning or performance. The assembled hosts were seated in a systematic way by companies and in ranks. His beneficence was not promiscuous largess scattered to a mob. Rather he was providing necessary and otherwise unavailable food to an inquiring congregation of hearers. Then too, there was to be no question left in anyone’s mind as to what actually took place. The apostles were to distribute the loaves and fishes in an orderly way, treating all with fairness and impartiality.” Elder Bruce R. McConkie (1915–85)
Why did Jesus teach using parabels?
The leading quotations on the subject are found in three of the Gospels, two of them giving the impression that Jesus taught in parables in order to obscure: “that seeing they might not see, and hearing they might not understand.” (Luke 8:10; see also Mark 4:12.) But Matthew, who possibly kept an original record of Jesus’ teachings, gives fuller information. The Lord stressed that he was quoting Isaiah 6:9–10 and emphasized that he had to use parables because the people themselves were in spiritual darkness. [Isa. 6:9–10] (See Matt. 13:13–15.) Jesus, therefore, did not use the parable to obscure the truth, but often as a subtle invitation to think about it.
Parable has as its main element the Greek verb ballo, meaning to throw or place, modified by the prepositional prefix para, meaning basically alongside or near. So a parable is literally a parallel situation, a story deliberately close to the main point but not identical with it. Jesus’ stories came from daily life: from farming, fishing, home life, and nature. But the points made transcend farming, fishing, home life, and nature. We hear that a great many parables speak about business. True, but the real subject is the higher business of gaining eternal life, and it is extremely important to see the carryover from earthly to heavenly activities. The principles of salvation taught through parables are often adaptations of the principles of success in normal life. Jesus, then, teaches us through our own experiences.
Richard Lloyd Anderson, "How to Read a Parable", Ensign, Sept. 1974, 58
“I have [a] key by which I understand the scripture. I inquire, what was the question which drew out the answers?” (Joseph Smith’s Journal, kept by Willard Richards, Jan. 29, 1843, cit. History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, 1964, vol. 5, p. 261.)
Why did he use so much figurative or symbolic language and imagery?
He asked his enemies which of the sons was more responsive to God, and they selected the disobedient son who repented. But Jesus’ example symbolized their own sins hidden under the name of religion. They had really judged themselves.
The parable is a teaching method recognizing the fact that one sees his own weaknesses better by viewing others who display the same weaknesses. Could this be applied in the home, where family members might participate in evaluating “outside” situations rather than being discouraged by withering personal criticism? Even the Lord was sparing in confrontation, generally reserving it until he had offered many other opportunities to understand.
Jesus’ parables were designed for more than just reading. If every member is a missionary, every parent is a teacher—in fact, every person convinced of the gospel’s truth is someone’s teacher. And there is no superior training than sitting at the feet of the Master.
Richard Lloyd Anderson, "How to Read a Parable", Ensign, Sept. 1974, 58
Council in Heaven: Before we were born, we lived with God, the Father of our spirits. All persons on earth are literally brothers and sisters in God's family.

Foreordination: In the premortal spirit world, God appointed certain spirits to fulfill specific missions during their mortal lives. This is called foreordination. Foreordination does not guarantee that individuals will receive certain callings or responsibilities. Such opportunities come in this life as a result of the righteous exercise of agency, just as foreordination came as a result of righteousness in the premortal existence.
Need for a Redeemer: In the Garden of Eden, God commanded, “Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat, but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it, nevertheless, thou mayest choose for thyself, for it is given unto thee; but remember that I forbid it, for in the day thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die” (Moses 3:16–17). Because Adam and Eve transgressed this command and partook of the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, they were cast out from the presence of the Lord (see D&C 29:40–41). In other words, they experienced spiritual death. They also became mortal—subject to physical death. This spiritual and physical death is called the Fall.
Redemption:
Angel which redeemed me from all evil, Gen. 48:16

Virgin birth: Thus the testimonies of appointed witnesses leave no question as to the paternity of Jesus Christ. God was the Father of His fleshly tabernacle, and Mary, a mortal woman, was His mother. He is therefore the only person born who rightfully deserves the title “the Only Begotten Son of God.”
Ezra Taft Benson, "Five Marks of the Divinity of Jesus Christ", Ensign, Dec. 2001, 8
The Godhead: The Father and the Son have tangible bodies of flesh and bones, and the Holy Ghost is a personage of spirit (see D&C 130:22).
Although the members of the Godhead are distinct beings with distinct roles, they are one in purpose and doctrine. They are perfectly united in bringing to pass Heavenly Father's divine plan of salvation.
Repentance: Repentance is one of the first principles of the gospel and is essential to our temporal and eternal happiness. It is much more than just acknowledging wrongdoings. It is a change of mind and heart that gives us a fresh view about God, about ourselves, and about the world. It includes turning away from sin and turning to God for forgiveness. It is motivated by love for God and the sincere desire to obey His commandments.
In Biblical Hebrew, the idea of repentance is represented by two verbs: שוב shuv (to return) and נחם nicham (to feel sorrow). In the New Testament, the word translated as 'repentance' is the Greek word μετάνοια (metanoia), "after/behind one's mind", which is a compound word of the preposition 'meta' (after, with), and the verb 'noeo' (to perceive, to think, the result of perceiving or observing). In this compound word the preposition combines the two meanings of time and change, which may be denoted by 'after' and 'different'; so that the whole compound means: 'to think differently after'. Metanoia is therefore primarily an after-thought, different from the former thought; a change of mind accompanied by regret and change of conduct, "change of mind and heart", or, "change of consciousness". A description of repentance in the New Testament can be found in the parable of the prodigal son found in the Gospel of Luke (15 beginning at verse 11).
Born again:
As an adult I have reflected upon the things I observed in our kitchen during canning season. This morning I want to discuss some of the spiritual lessons we can learn from the process by which a cucumber becomes a pickle. I invite the Holy Ghost to be with us as we consider the significance of those lessons for me and for you as we come unto Christ and are spiritually reborn.
"Ye Must Be Born Again," , (March 31, 2007)
Perfection: GR complete, finished, fully developed.
Prayer
Fasting
Joseph Smith Translation: A revision or translation of the King James Version of the Bible in English, which the Prophet Joseph Smith began in June 1830. He was commanded by God to make the translation and regarded it as part of his calling as a prophet.
Canon: A recognized, authoritative collection of sacred books. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the canonical books are called the standard works and include the Old and New Testaments, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants, and the Pearl of Great Price.
The nature of scriptuer: inerrancy is the doctrinal position that the Bible is accurate and totally free of error. infallibility: is the dogma in Roman Catholic theology that, by action of the Holy Spirit, the Pope is preserved from even the possibility of error[1] when he solemnly declares or promulgates to the universal Church a dogmatic teaching on faith as being contained in divine revelation, or at least being intimately connected to divine revelation. It is also taught that the Holy Spirit works in the body of the Church, as sensus fidelium, to ensure that dogmatic teachings proclaimed to be infallible will be received by all Catholics
Hebrew: is a Semitic language of the Afro-Asiatic language family. Culturally, it is considered the language of the Jewish people, though other Jewish languages that originated among diaspora Jews exist, and the Jews were only part of the whole Hebrew/Canaanian sprachraum.
Aramaic: is a Semitic language belonging to the Afroasiatic language family (etym. language of Aram,[3] an ancient region in central Syria).
Greek: The Greek language holds an important place in the histories of Europe, the more loosely defined "Western" world, and Christianity;
Testament: A solemn, authentic instrument in writing, by which a person declares his will as to disposal of his estate and effects after his death.
Centurion: in Greek sources, or, in Byzantine times, kentarch (κένταρχος) was a professional officer of the Roman army after the Marian reforms of 107 BC. Most centurions commanded 83 men despite the commonly assumed 100, but senior centurions commanded cohorts, or took senior staff roles in their legion.
Matthew 5: 16Let your alight so shine before men, that they may see your good bworks, and cglorify your Father which is in heaven.
48aBe ye therefore bperfect, even as your cFather which is in heaven is dperfect.
Matthew 6: 21For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also.
33aBut bseek ye first the ckingdom of God, and his drighteousness; and all these ethings shall be fadded unto you.
John 1: 1aIn the bbeginning was the Word, and the cWord was with God, and the dWord was eGod.
2The same was in the abeginning with God.
3All things were amade by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made.
14And the Word was made aflesh, and bdwelt among us, (and we cbeheld his dglory, the glory as of the eonly fbegotten of the Father,) full of ggrace and truth.
John 3:5
5Jesus answered, Verily, verily, I say unto thee, Except a man be aborn of bwater and of the cSpirit, he cannot denter into the kingdom of God.
16¶For aGod so bloved the cworld, that he dgave his eonly begotten fSon, that whosoever gbelieveth in him should not perish, but have heverlasting ilife.
John 4: 24aGod is a bSpirit: and they that worship him must worship him in spirit and in ctruth.
John 5: 29And shall acome forth; they that have done good, unto the bresurrection of life; and they that have done cevil, unto the resurrection of ddamnation.
John 5:39 39¶aSearch the scriptures; for in them ye think ye have eternal life: and they are they which btestify of me.