Isaiah notes

Chiasmus organization
Warnings of Wickedness (ch. 1-23)
Judgments upon the world (ch. 24-25)
Humility of Israel (ch. 36-39)
People seeking the Lord (ch. 40-47)
Blessings of the Messiah and the last days (ch. 48-64)
A final promise and warning (ch. 65-66)

Significant Isaiah Chapters
Bold and Italics= Isaiah chapters also found in the Book of Mormon
Chapter 1 warnings and promises to the House of Israel
Chapter 2-14 House of Israel insights and the Last Days
Chapters 18-19 America and Egypt in the Last Days
Chapters 24-27 Isaiah’s Apocalypse
Chapters 28-29 Insights into sacred records and learning
Chapter 40 The attributes of God
Chapters 48-54 Messianic, Book of Mormon, and Last Day prophecies
Chapter 55 Insights into God’s higher ways and thoughts
Chapter 58 Key chapter of all scriptures on fasting
Chapters 61-63 Messianic roles with First and Second comings

Key Isaiah Chapters
Bold and Italics= Isaiah chapters also found in the Book of Mormon
Chapter 1 Isaiah introduces gospel concepts (principles and ordinances)
Chapter 6 Isaiah’s “First Vision” and calling
Chapter 11 Key servants and promises of the Last Days
Chapter 29 Records from the dead
Chapter 40 Key attributes of God
Chapter 53 The suffering, atoning servant
Chapter 61 The Savoir brings redemption and victory

Messianic prophecies concentrated
Chapters 6-9, 11, 61, and 63
Servant songs Chapters 42, 49, 50, 53

Three major sections
Prophecies of Judgment (ch. 1-35)
Warnings to Israel. Isaiah’s call to repentance, Isaiah’s vision, Messianic prophecies, Millennial (ch. 1-12)
Pronouncements to the foreign nations: Babylon, Moab, Syria, Africa, America, Egypt … (ch. 13-23)
Revelations of the Lord’s Judgments and blessings: prophecies, psalms, prayers (ch. 24-27)
Warnings to Israel of her suffering and to the wicked world of it’s destruction before Millennium (ch. 24-35)

Historical Narrative (ch. 36-39)
Record of the Assyrian invasion and King Hezekiah’s sickness in pose (ch. 36-39)

Promises of Redemption (ch. 40-66)
Affirmation of God’s power and salvation contains the first of Isaiah’s servent songs (ch. 40-47)
Redemption of Israel by the Messiah and welcomes all to become Israelites (ch. 48-52)
Great servant song of the Messiah and his glory (ch. 53)
Universal invitation to jion in the Lord’s work and trust in his ways instead of the ways of sin (ch. 54-58)
Glorious prophecies of the last days and the reality of the restoration and temple work in the new heaven and new earth (ch. 59-66)

Understanding Poetry Parallelism:
Synonymous: the theme of the first line repeats itself in the second line, but in slightly different words (railroad tracks)
Antithetic: a thought of the second part of a couple contrast with an opposite theme in the first (black silhouette against background)
Emblematic: the ideas of two lines are compared by means of a simile or metaphor (shadow; a little hazy but seeable)
Synthetic: the second line completes or complements the thought of the first (belt and buckle complete one another)
Composite: three or more phrases develop a theme by amplifying a concepts or defining a term (spokes of a wheel)
Climactic: part of one line is repeated in the other lines until a theme is developed with a climatic idea (steps of a staircase)
Introverted/Chiasmus: a pattern of words or ideas is stated then repeated in reverse order with the center as the focus (Hour glass)

Unpardonable and Unforgivable:
Unpardonable= deny the Holy Ghost, but it is forgivable and Christ paid for it in the Atonement; the sinner can not ever make full payment himself
Unforgivable= murder, but it can be pardoned, Christ could not suffer the penalty and the sinner must make the sin pardoned by paying for it themselves
Forgiveness= based on repentance, there must be full restitution for the crime

“The second most serious sin is to commit murder—that is, to willfully shed innocent blood. Concerning this sin, the Lord has said: ‘Thou shalt not kill; and he that kills shall not have forgiveness in this world, nor in the world to come.’ ( D&C 42:18 .) Thus this is an unforgivable sin, which means that Jesus Christ cannot pay for (or ‘atone for’ or ‘forgive’) the penalty demanded by the broken law. This sin is a pardonable sin, however; that is, the sinner can eventually make full payment himself, and be received into a state of pardon. Apparently one reason this sin is unforgivable is that forgiveness is based upon repentance, and a murderer cannot fully repent of his sin for he cannot make restitution of the life he has taken” (DanielH. Ludlow, A Companion to Your Study of the Book of Mormon [1976], 222).






Abraham A ‘father of nations’ who now sits exalted upon a throne in eternity
Birthright A spiritual, priesthood inheritance which ancient patriarchs gave to their most righteous son (who was often not their firstborn son
Jew A descendant of a person (or citizen) from the ancient Southern Kingdom of Judah
Preface or introduction
Historical background/context
Stipulations, general and specific
Some type of a symbolic ritual act
Blessings/rewards and curses/punishments
Witnesses (usually earthly and heavenly)
Recording and the perpetuation of the covenant Usual essential element of a covenant
Savior The root for the names of both “Jesus” and “Isaiah” derive from the Hebrew root Joshua, which means:
Identity/intelligence
Knowledge
Freedom of choices
Laws and consequences
Preservation/supervision
Action
Efficacy/competence In discussing whether Cyrus was a free agent, we reviewed seven elements of necessary for free agency which are
Mission of the Church- members working to establish cause
Type of people- community with pure in heart dwell
Ecclesiastical organization- stake of the Church
Place- the ‘New Jerusalem’
Protected place of refuge/defense- a ‘tsiyon’ LDS scriptural definition of “Zion”
New temple built in Jerusalem
David will lead Israel
Nations of the earth gather against Jerusalem and attach Judah
Two prophets are to be raised up to the Jewish nation Unfulfilled prophecies

Prophecies about the House of Israel Key unique group to watch and match it with other lists of prophecies
Enoch, Moses, Elijah Priesthood powers like three particular prophets of old
Teach restored truths and properly baptize Christians
Build outward from centers of strength
Last to be scattered are first to be gathered
Build relationships of trust and give service to others
Bring to Christ through changes of attitude/knowledge/belief Customary means in Christ’s restored church as to how missionary work is going to gather in scattered Israel
Land Israelite Descendants of Christian crusaders and Arab Palestinians now living in Bethlehem as Israeli citizens
Land and blood Israelite German Jews who live n Jerusalem as Israeli citizens
Land, Blood, and covenant Israelite French Jews who joined the Church in Europe and then immigrated to Israel to become citizens
Jesus and New Testament writes cite and quoted from both halves of Isaiah and attribute the words to Isaiah Isaiah was written by one person
One who prevails with God
A covenant member of Christ’s Church and heir to the blessings promised to Jacob
A citizen of the land or nation of Palestine/Israel, either in ancient or in modern times
A literal descendant of Jacob, eve in they are unaware that he is in their pedigree Usually define and described Israel/Israelite people
Has the Lord punished Israel as He punished her oppressors Although all people suffer different types of afflictions on earth, the wicked ultimately suffer more than the righteous
For the bed is too short and the covering is too narrow Life is miserable and uncomfortable for those who do not heed God’s teachings and commandments
2 New 26-27 Isaiah 29 and commentary on how these words apply to his writings
A people who are united and pure in heart
A safe, protected place, such as a ridge or hilltop
An organization of ecclesiastical units called ‘stakes’
A chosen city or land of inheritance where the Lord can reign
A noble cause of which the Latter-day Saints should strive to build Represent a literal/symbolic meaning of “Zion”
Seer One who sees new truths through spiritual eyes
Leviathan Monster serpent of the deep; symbol of evil
Hart A fleet footed fallow-deer or a roebuck
Edom One who has secret or hidden books not in the Bible
Line by line Divine law or commandment given by the Lord
Fence Personal law or application of a commandment
When we say: we have enough We will lose our testimonies if we don’t continually strengthen them
Written primarily in prose
Most of Isaiah’s recorded miracles
Out of chronological sequence
Contain poem/psalm of King Hezekiah Isaiah 36-39
Jews being to come to a knowledge of their Redeemer Jews will be gathered to the lands of their inheritance
It changes moods and tenor often as it highlights opposite extremes Apocalyptic literature is bipolar
The people accept their fate and say, “Let us eat and drink; for tomorrow we shall die.” Impending scourge in Isaiah 22 and the famous attitude of the people
Aram (land) Damascus/Syria
Samaria (land) Ephraim/Israel
Edom (land) Esau/Jordan
Ahaz (king) King of Judah who responds to Syro-Israelite invasion by seeking Assyrian aid
Pekah (king) Son of Remaliah, rebel, murderous king of Israel who fights Judah and Assyria
“water of Shiloah” The Lord’s tender care and the gentle promptings, messages of the spirit
“The remnant shall return, even the remnant of Jacob” An historical and/or an eschatological gropu of Israelites who gather either physically and/or spiritually
A rod (shoot) out of the stem of Jesse A servant in the hands of Christ in whom is much power (Davidic figure of the last days)
Diaspora Greek word meaning “The Lord is made known”
Shechinah The ‘presence,’ glory, light or protective care of the Lord
Messiah Aramaic/Hebrew word meaning the “Anointed One”
Satan The “slanderer” or from Aramaci root, the “earth shaker”
Jehovah or ‘Yahweh’ The eternal “I AM”, Jesus’ premortal name/title
The waters which cover the sea Isaiah 11 Isaiah indicates that knowledge of the Lord will be as much a common reality as…
Recognizes God for who He is/divine attributes
Part of “Lord’s Prayer” as He instructed His disciples
Extolling/worshiping a divine being/ruler Usual form of “praise” in psalms/prophetic discourse
Prophetic books Isaiah writings are found in which collection of the Old Testament books
Oral transmission
Repetition
Short, structured poetry Helpful in appreciating how information and knowledge was taught in Israelites time
Assyria Country that dominated the Middle East during Isaiah’s ministry
Isaiah promises the latter-day return of the house of Israel Study Jewish and Lamanite history; be aware of Church missionary success
Isaiah’s words are plain to those with the ‘spirit of prophecy’ Seek and live worthy to gain a testimony of Jesus Christ
Semantic Type of parallelism Isaiah emphasizes
90% How much of Isaiah is written in poetry
66 chapters How many chapters of Isaiah are in the Old Testament
Silhouette Antithetic parallelism
“wise in their own eyes and prudent in their own sight” Isa. 5:21 Synonymous parallelism
Belt and buckle Synthetic parallelism
Steps of a staircase Climatic parallelism
You will be lien a garden that has not water Isa. 1:30 Emblematic parallelism
English words which were not present in the Hebrew or Greek text of the manuscript used Bible Dictionary of the LDS edition of the King James Version of the Bible, what is the meaning/explanation of the biblical words or text that are printed in italics
For what purpose are your sacrifices Pivotal message of Isaiah 1:2-20
Interpretation/meaning of his writings through other scriptures
Technique/mechanics as seen in his poetic style Two levels of to study Isaiah and his manner of prophesying
Faith as a gospel principle Develop a trusting relationship with the Lord
Isaiah 2 In the tumultuous last days, many go to the mountain of the Lord’s house; others flee into caves for the fear of the Lord
Isaiah 3 Weak men avoiding responsibility and vain women seeking high fashion bring terrible judgments in the last days
Isaiah 7 King Ahza receives a sigh (a young woman having a son, Immanuel), which he doesn’t ask for; a dualistic prophecy of Christ’s future birth
Isaiah 10 The Lord controls peoples just as the hwer guides the axe: Assyria’s destruction and invasion (from the north) like one in last days.
Isaiah 14 A song of scron over the “king of Babylon” (Lucifer) and his promised fall to the opposite realms of his prideful ambitions
Isaiah 18 Blessings of Zion (America) and missionary work prophesied
Isaiah 24 Earth and her people will suffer for broken laws and covenants as they are burned at the Second Coming, but those in (spirit) prison will be visited
Isaiah 29 Sacred records will come from the dust of the earth which will be unreadable for the unlearned and confusing for the learned
Isaiah 31 Those who rely on Egypt and the arm of flesh will fall together with their allies and support; the Lord will come and defend his people
Isaiah 35 The desert shall blossom as the rose and Zion shall be built up; the ransomed of Israel will return
Isaiah 39 Judah’s wealth is shown to Babylonian representatives; Isaiah prophesies the Babylonian captivity of the Jews
Isaiah 40 Those how trust in the Lord will share the strength and attributes and powers of God (Who judges Israel and cares for this flock like a shepherded)
Isaiah 45 Cyrus shall free the captives of Israel; every knee will bow and every tongue will recognize the true Lord
Isaiah 48 The Lord reveals his purposes to covenant Israel (patterned in a treaty or covenant format); Israel will come froth out of Babylon; 1st chapter quoted in Book of Mormon
Isaiah 52 Awake, for Israel shall be redeemed, how beautiful are the watchmen and those who bring good tidings; this chapter is the most quotes in the Book of Mormon

SFL 240 quiz makeup

The reading was really interesting to me because like most students I assume in the class I come from a mix family. When my mom married my dad he had seven other children from previous marriages, and then my mom and dad had my brother and me. All together there are nine of us, and just like any family we are all unique. It was almost comical to read the Rs that a step parent should do. I was to young to remember myself, but I have heard and laughed at many of the stories. My mom made a lot of rituals, but I don’t think that they were the type of rituals the article was talking about: every morning my brother would come down stairs tell my mom how ugly she was and walk out the door, she visited the principle so often I am shocked they did not give her perfect attendance in the yearbook or at least a diploma, she picked boys up from prison, sent collage students extra cash when they had spent it one a get rich quick scam, whipped up children after hangovers, and all the while she raised Caleb and me. In all my memories I can not remember her ever talking down one of my half siblings; she did tell me how sad all of their choices made her and that she prayed I would not make the same ones, but she never belittled my brothers or sisters. It did not end there, because she has been to all of the grandchildren baptisms, soccer games, and school plays.
In January my entire family will be worthy to enter the Temple. It has been a long time coming, and there have been many tears, laughter, but above all there has been patience in our home. We waited in the safety of our harbor for my brothers to come home from rehab. We waited for my sister to come home from the hospital. We waited until we could say I love you. We waited, and all the while we prayed. This Thanks Giving as I climb into the car with my carpool group and we all say how excited that we are for Thanks Giving. I can not help but to notice how even compared to my peers at BYU I seem to feel especially grateful for my family, how I seem to want every member of my family to be apart of my life, and how much I feel a sense of belonging when I am among them. This reading was obvious personal to me, I think that any reading about a family is person, and I do not want it to seem as if I feel like my family is the exception or the example, because we are not either. We did make it though, and I think that the reading forgot to mention that part. In all of the paragraphs that it explained what it do it forgot to say why. I know that the only reason my family is still together is because my parents wanted us to all be together, and that is why my mom stayed. I am not the professional, I have only observed my mom, but what I would add to the article is that step parents need to remember why they are there, and if my family can be any hope know that there is hope for mixed families to love and cherish one another.
Thanks again!

SPAN 106 cultural activity

Joy Prior
SPAN 106
Extra Credit Cultural Activity
I went to a Family Home Evening pot luck dinner with the multicultural community. It was really fun because everyone brought a homemade native food.
Some of the food that was there included… I don’t know the names, but I will describe the food.
One of my favorite things was almost like a flat churro. It was a very thin piece of sweet bread covered in cinnamon and sugar. The treat was about the size of a saucer plat, and so I could not finish it all. It was really sweet and good though. I liked it a little bit more than a churro, because it was crunchy. The crunch gave it a great flavor, and unlike a churro which is sometimes doughy in the middle the flat sugar and cinnamon bread was crispy and full of flavor.
Another thing that I tried was a taco with mash potatoes in it instead of meat. My friend L helped me to layer the taco with a white Mexican sour cream like sauce and then green hot sauce. I now that she only put a little of the green sauce on for me, but it was still really hot. The potatoes really helped to balance out the hot and spicy though, and I thought that was really rich and flavorful. I liked the green sauce, but only a little at a time. The taco was really good because it was completely homemade, and really who does not like tacos.
There were two major cultural differences that I noticed. They relate to how people come and go from a party. It is not only important to come to the party and just enter, but you have to go around and say hi to everyone, the people sitting down, the people standing, the people you know well, the people you don’t know at all. It seems that whenever someone entered the room they first dropped off their cultural dish and then walked around and kissed everyone on the check. Then they could go back and enjoy the party. It was something that was new to me, because when I enter a party I might say hi to the host but that is it.
The other thing that I observed was that before anyone left the party they made the same rounds. While they were saying good bye instead of just waving bye and leaving with their carpool they stopped to say good bye to not only the host, but to all of their friends there. I am used to parties were you try to “sneak” out before anyone can stop you and talk, but while I was there I learned that in most Hispanic cultures or at least at the party that I was at that night before everyone left the house they said good bye to their friends and made sure to talk for a few minutes. The entire process for one person to leave took at least ten minutes, for some of the people they were leaving the party for almost a half an hour.

SPAN 106 Spanish For You

Joy Prior
Spanish 106
Spanish for You
To further explore and understand Hispanic culture I joined a local nonprofit organization called Remembering Our Culture that encourages minority students to attend college. Every Tuesday and Thursday for four hours we practice different cultural dances including: Asian, Native American, African, Polynesian, Indian, and Latin American. For this paper I would like to mention why I feel being a member of Remembering Our Culture will help me in the future and the various Latin American dances that I have learned.
The mission statement is: “We believe in excellence and achieve it through education. We take pride in who we are and celebrate each other’s differences. We are many races but united in one belief. That awareness brings acceptance and diversity makes us strong.” All of the members have to be striving for a secular education. Not only that how we achieve our mission statement is to preform across the western United States; most of our performances are catered towards the local elementary schools students. Our goal is to be an example of culturally diverse students who are obtaining a college education and embracing cultural heritage. I would like to become a kindergarten teacher and help students at an early age begin to care about their education. My hope is that speaking Spanish will help me encourage all of my students no matter their cultural background to obtain a higher education.
One of the first dances that we learned was Jalisco. This was such a difficult dance for me to learn. It is a common dance in Mexico, and I have seen it performed before. To me it is the big skirt dance. The men all dress up in black with these wide sombreros on and the women are in brightly colored skirts made with yards of fabric. When the couples dance together the girl can make giant circles and turns around the boy with her skirt while they dance. Before I tried to dance Jalisco I had no idea how difficult all of the foot work was, and then on top of that having to keep your arms up even with all of the weight from the skirt. The shoes help to create a crisper tapping sound. It was hard for me to do all of the rapid toe steps while I was wearing the special shoes, but it felt impossible to keep up with the rhythm without the shoes.
Another dance that I enjoyed learning was Aztec. This dance was really a great workout I decided, because the entire time I felt like I was jumping. In this dance the men have shields and the women have shakers. The dancers also have large headdresses. It is important to keep your back straight and your neck up while you dance or else the headdress will fall off. There were lots of steps that were fun in this dance. One of my favorite steps was the grapevine move. Although the foot work was similar to the grapevine the mood or form was different. When you got to the left or right side you turned to the side and did a little prick or hop move with your foot and then jumped back into the other side. One of the steps that I really struggled with was what I call the bicycle step. You stay were you are during this step, but the entire time you are lifting your legs up and down. At first when I tried to learn the step I was doing high knees, and then I learned I have to keep my foot all the way on the ground until at the last moment I pick it and pull it back. When I tried to do that I was doing a lot of ballet movements and I made the step look to “pretty” and soft. To this day I struggle making the real step.
It has been so much fun to learn about how unique and difficult other cultural dances are. Before I joined I considered myself a really talented dancer. I could do ballet, jazz, waltz, and other dances that I was failure with. Learning the different cultural dances has taught me how uniquely beautiful each culture is, and I enjoyed the opportunity to not only observe different cultures but to learn and understand new cultures.

SPAN 106 final essay

Joy Prior
Espanol 105
Sección 007
Hablar Solo Inglés Hacer un Americano
Cuando yo preparaba mi redacción estudié en la Internet. Yo tuve el encuentro esta cita, “En primer lugar, mis disculpas por cualquier problema notable con la traducción. No hablar o escribir español, así que lo que usted ve aquí es la función de un traductor en línea. Con mayor razón se debe aprender Inglés.” El autor quiere decir, “First, my apologies for any noticeable problems with the translation. I do not speak or write Spanish, so what you see here is the function of an online translator. All the more reason you should learn English.” ¡Hala! Después el autor explicó los problemas de inmigración ilegal.
Por qué él piensa ser americano algún necesita hablar inglés. Una persona habla Inglés o habla español no es importa el problema con inmigración ilegal. El problema es solamente las personas viven en los ustados unidos sin los pápeles legal. Muchos gente tiene los pápeles legal pero no habla Inglés. Otros gente no tiene los pápeles legal aunque habla Inglés. Cual lengua una persona habla no tiene una relación con los pápeles legal.
¡Se da tanta vergüenza! No me gusta leer los artículos que no habla el problema de inmigración ilegal por qué el autor escribió un artículo sin respeto por la lengua de española o la cultura. La lengua no es el problema. Yo quiero leer los artículos que decir los efectos o la estadística de inmigración ilegal en México, Cuba, y los Estados Unidos. Inmigración ilegal no es una oportunidad atacar la cultura de un país.
Yo sé todos los artículos no atacan la cultura. Inmigración es importante por qué es un ley pero es más importante cuando nosotros hablamos de inmigración ilegal recordamos es un problema del ley y no es un problema de la lengua o la cultura.

BIO 101 study guide

Biology 101 Final Topics – Winter 2010
Nature of Science –
· Explain the steps of the scientific method.
Observation, Problem, hypothesis, procedure, data, conclusion,
· Describe a misconception students may have about a scientific process and how you would help them overcome that misconception.
All scientific process have to be preformed in a classroom. Give daily examples of scientific process and encourage students to identify daily problems such as: what to eat? Problem…
· What is science?
The organization and study of the world in testable questions.
· Discuss the 7 rules for “Scientific Storytelling.”
Reproducibility: can be done repetitively
Predictive Power: can predict things that were not included in the observations
Prospects for Improvement: subject to evolutionary development of the idea
Naturalism: not appeal to the supernatural, but nature can explain.
Uniformitarianism: same natural laws in ancient times apply today
Simplicity: nature is simple enough to understand
Harmony: should not contradict other established explanations
· What makes a question scientifically investigable?
If it can be measured.
Working like a scientist –
· Be able to follow a procedure precisely.
· Be able to accurately measure mass using an electronic scale and volume using a graduated cylinder.
Measure from the bottom of the curve in a graduated cylinder. Set to 0 when taking weight
Pond Water –
· Prepare a wet mount slide.
· Describe how to find the magnification of the viewed image.
Start with low power objective lens and move coarse focus and the condenser lens slowly then move the fine focus knob, and increase the level of objective lens as necessary.
· Use a microscope to observe microscopic organisms.
Carry with arm and base
Do not let it hang on the edge of table
Store low power objective lens/stage down
Start with power objective lens/stage down
Bacteria –
· Describe harmful and useful characteristics of various bacteria.
· What is aseptic technique and why is it important (2 reasons)?
· Describe and demonstrate proper technique for performing the T-streak method on a Petri dish.
Multiplying cells –
· Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis (i.e. number of cells produced, amount of genetic information in each daughter cell.)
· What are the advantages and disadvantages of each type of cell division?
· Identify and describe each stage of mitosis and meiosis.
· Use a microscope to locate and observe the nucleus of a cell.
Gel Electrophoresis –
· How is gel electrophoresis used to help us understand DNA?
Gel electrophoresis helps us to make a DNA fingerprint and identify species and the heritage by comparing the DNA fingerprints.
· Describe how gel electrophoresis separates DNA segments.
Breaks down the cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus membrane. The put the DNA into a gel and set one side to have a negatively charged and the other have a positive charge. The smaller pieces are able to move through the gel quickly while the longer ones move more slowly.
· What is the role of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) in carrying out gel electrophoresis?
The PCR can make billions of copies of the single strand of DNA that can then be tested and experimented with while the RFLP is the segment of DNA being tested.

Genetics –
· DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms
Chromosome: a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes
Gene: the information to build and maintain an organism and pass genetic and are the part on the Chromosome.
Allele: is one of two or more forms of the DNA sequence of a particular gene for a given loci.
· How does the process of meiosis in gametic cells produce a wide range of genetic diversity?
There is crossing over.
· Draw a Punnett square and show the probability of producing each associated genotype and phenotype.

A A
a Aa Aa
a Aa Aa


· Understand the difference between dominant and recessive.
In the phenotype the dominant allele is are expressed even when the recessive allele is present.
· Know how to work with co-dominant traits on a Punnett square.
Some alleles are equally strong and neither are masked by the other. When both alleles are present, they are both expressed in the phenotype. The hybrid is a blend of both alleles.
Red flower, white flower, creates pink flower
Enzymes –
· catalyst: A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, but is not consumed by the reaction
Enzyme: are proteins that catalyze in enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates, and they are converted into different molecules, called the products. enzymes do differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific and can be reused.
· Describe the role of enzymes in an organism.
Many of the processes need for digestion would not be possible in the appropriate amount of time without enzymes present.
· Give an example of an enzyme and describe how it benefits an organism
A DNA polymerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides into a DNA strand.
· What factors can affect the efficiency of an enzyme? by other molecules. Inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity; activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. Activity is also affected by temperature, chemical environment (e.g., pH), and the concentration of substrate

Populations –
· Graph a sample predator prey relationship and explain the patterns that are formed.
When the hare population rose the lynx population also increased the following year, and conversely when the hare population decreased the lynx population also decreased.
· Define the carrying capacity of an ecosystem.
Number of organisms that can live in a given environment.
· Is eliminating predators from an ecosystem beneficial? Defend your answer.
No, because the predators keep the population below carrying capacity which avoids the problem of starvation or a population crash.
Adaptations –
· Describe the advantages and disadvantages of organisms that have highly specialized adaptations and those that have more generalized adaptations.
An advantage for an organism with highly specialized adaptations is that it will be able to survived better in the specific environment that it has adapted to better than other organisms, but if that environment changes then the generalized adapted species will survive better because it has a different range of genetic traits to help it survive in multiple environments.
· Describe how populations (species) develop traits that allow them to survive and reproduce in their environment.
Through the prose of natural selection, genetic mutations are either increased or eliminated depending on if the mutation gives the species a fitness advantage in the environment.
· Does competition for resources increase or decrease the probability of new adaptations? Defend you answer.
The competition for resources increases the probability of new adaptations arising. The adapations themselves occur unpredicted and randomly because the adaptations are simply mutations that can give the species a fitness advatage, but if there is no need to have a fitness advantage because there is no competition then the mutation will give the species enough of a need for an advantage and therefore there is not enough of a need for the fitness advantage and the organisums have the same fitness or reproductive levels.
· How does natural selection work on genetic variation to enable a population to become better adapted to their environment?
Natural selection: is the process by which traits become more or less common in a population due to consistent effects upon the survival or reproduction of their bearers.
Genetic variation: is the genetic diversity of a species that gives the population differences creating higher and lower fitness levels.
Performance assessments –
· Make accurate measurements (mass, volume) using the appropriate tools.
· Prepare a wet mount slide and identify a cellular structure.
· Set up an experiment with procedures. Identify controlled, dependent, and independent variables. Include replication and randomization.